Abstract
Carotenoids have the potential to improve the human health which leads to an increasing consumer demand for carotenoid-rich vegetables. The implementation of new, less energy-consuming vegetable production systems using artificial light such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is essential. In the present study, pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis 'Black Behi') sprouts were grown under a combination of blue and white LEDs, red and white LEDs or only white LEDs for 7 days. Total carotenoid levels of ~ 700 ng/mg DM were measured under white LEDs. The combination of blue and white LEDs increased the carotenoid levels by ~ 15% in comparison to only white LEDs, while red and white LEDs reduced them. The transcript levels of important carotenoid metabolism-related genes were enhanced under blue and white LEDs. Phytoene measurement after Norflurazon-treatment, a phytoene desaturase inhibitor, revealed that phytoene increased by 38% (37.5 µM Norflurazon) and by 56% (50.0 µM Norflurazon) after growth under blue and white LEDs in comparison to only white LEDs suggesting an up-regulation of the upper carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. Thus, the transcript levels and the enhanced phytoene levels correlated well with the higher accumulation of carotenoids under blue and white LEDs. Furthermore, a comparison to sprouts grown under blue LEDs without additional white LEDs showed that blue light alone does not increase the phytoene levels after Norflurazon-treatment. Overall, this study demonstrated a beneficial effect of a higher blue light percentage in growing carotenoid-rich pak choi sprouts, and implies that an increased biosynthesis within the upper carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the enhanced carotenoid accumulation.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
White LEDs produced total carotenoid levels of about 700 ng/mg dry matter.
Verbatim
e0“Total carotenoid levels of ~ 700 ng/mg DM were measured under white LEDs.”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue and white LEDs increased carotenoid levels by about 15% relative to white LEDs.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of blue and white LEDs increased the carotenoid levels by ~ 15% in comparison to only white LEDs”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Red and white LEDs reduced carotenoid levels relative to white LEDs.
Verbatim
e0“while red and white LEDs reduced them.”
e1“carotenoid levels by ~ 15% in comparison to only white LEDs”
e2“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue and white LEDs enhanced transcripts of carotenoid metabolism genes.
- Taxon
- pak choie1
- Treatment
- blue and white LEDse0
- Outcome
- transcript levels of important carotenoid metabolism-related genese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The transcript levels of important carotenoid metabolism-related genes were enhanced under blue and white LEDs.”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
At 37.5 µM Norflurazon, blue and white LEDs increased phytoene by 38% relative to white LEDs.
Verbatim
e0“phytoene increased by 38% (37.5 µM Norflurazon) and by 56% (50.0 µM Norflurazon) after growth under blue and white LEDs in comparison to only white LEDs”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
At 50.0 µM Norflurazon, blue and white LEDs increased phytoene by 56% relative to white LEDs.
Verbatim
e0“phytoene increased by 38% (37.5 µM Norflurazon) and by 56% (50.0 µM Norflurazon) after growth under blue and white LEDs in comparison to only white LEDs”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue LEDs alone did not increase phytoene after Norflurazon treatment.
- Taxon
- pak choie1
- Treatment
- blue light alonee0
- Outcome
- phytoene levelse0
- Direction
- does not increasee0
- Qualifier
- after Norflurazon-treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“blue light alone does not increase the phytoene levels after Norflurazon-treatment”
e1“pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis”
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