Abstract
Multilayer vertical production systems using sole-source (SS) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be an alternative to more traditional methods of microgreens production. One significant benefit of using LEDs is the ability to select light qualities that have beneficial impacts on plant morphology and the synthesis of health-promoting phytochemicals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the impacts of SS LEDs of different light qualities and intensities on the phytochemical content of brassica ( Brassica sp.) microgreens. Specifically, phytochemical measurements included 1) total anthocyanins, 2) total and individual carotenoids, 3) total and individual chlorophylls, and 4) total phenolics. Kohlrabi ( Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes ), mustard ( Brassica juncea ‘Garnet Giant’), and mizuna ( Brassica rapa var. japonica ) were grown in hydroponic tray systems placed on multilayer shelves in a walk-in growth chamber. A daily light integral (DLI) of 6, 12, or 18 mol·m −2 ·d −1 was achieved from SS LED arrays with light ratios (percent) of red:blue 87:13 (R 87 :B 13 ), red:far-red:blue 84:7:9 (R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 ), or red:green:blue 74:18:8 (R 74 :G 18 :B 8 ) with a total photon flux from 400 to 800 nm of 105, 210, or 315 µmol·m −2 ·s –1 for 16 hours, respectively. Phytochemical measurements were collected using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Regardless of light quality, total carotenoids were significantly lower under increasing light intensities for mizuna and mustard microgreens. In addition, light quality affected total integrated chlorophyll with higher values observed under the light ratio of R 87 :B 13 compared with R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 and R 74 :G 18 :B 8 for kohlrabi and mustard microgreens, respectively. For kohlrabi, with increasing light intensities, the total concentration of anthocyanins was greater compared with those grown under lower light intensities. In addition, for kohlrabi, the light ratios of R 87 :B 13 or R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 produced significantly higher anthocyanin concentrations compared with the light ratio of R 74 :G 18 :B 8 under a light intensity of 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 . Light quality also influenced the total phenolic concentration of kohlrabi microgreens, with significantly greater levels for the light ratio of R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 compared with R 74 :G 18 :B 8 under a light intensity of 105 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 . However, the impact of light intensity on total phenolic concentration of kohlrabi was not significant. The results from this study provide further insight into the selection of light qualities and intensities using SS LEDs to achieve preferred phytochemical content of brassica microgreens.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Total carotenoids declined significantly with increasing light intensity in mizuna microgreens.
- Taxon
- mizuna
Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinicae0 - Treatment
- increasing light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- total carotenoidse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of light quality, total carotenoids were significantly lower under increasing light intensities for mizuna and mustard microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Total carotenoids declined significantly with increasing light intensity in mustard microgreens.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Regardless of light quality, total carotenoids were significantly lower under increasing light intensities for mizuna and mustard microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Kohlrabi total integrated chlorophyll was higher under R 87 :B 13 than R 84 :FR 7 :B 9.
- Taxon
- kohlrabi
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodese0 - Treatment
- R 87 :B 13e0
- Outcome
- total integrated chlorophylle0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- R 84 :FR 7 :B 9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“light quality affected total integrated chlorophyll with higher values observed under the light ratio of R 87 :B 13 compared with R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 and R 74 :G 18 :B 8 for kohlrabi and mustard microgreens, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mustard total integrated chlorophyll was higher under R 87 :B 13 than R 74 :G 18 :B 8.
Verbatim
e0“light quality affected total integrated chlorophyll with higher values observed under the light ratio of R 87 :B 13 compared with R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 and R 74 :G 18 :B 8 for kohlrabi and mustard microgreens, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Kohlrabi anthocyanin concentration was greater at higher than lower light intensities.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- increasing light intensitiese0
- Outcome
- total concentration of anthocyaninse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- lower light intensitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For kohlrabi, with increasing light intensities, the total concentration of anthocyanins was greater compared with those grown under lower light intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
At 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1, R 87 :B 13 gave significantly higher kohlrabi anthocyanins than R 74 :G 18 :B 8.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- R 87 :B 13e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
- Comparator
- R 74 :G 18 :B 8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for kohlrabi, the light ratios of R 87 :B 13 or R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 produced significantly higher anthocyanin concentrations compared with the light ratio of R 74 :G 18 :B 8 under a light intensity of 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1”
Claim · model-written summary
At 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1, R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 gave significantly higher kohlrabi anthocyanins than R 74 :G 18 :B 8.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- R 84 :FR 7 :B 9e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
- Comparator
- R 74 :G 18 :B 8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for kohlrabi, the light ratios of R 87 :B 13 or R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 produced significantly higher anthocyanin concentrations compared with the light ratio of R 74 :G 18 :B 8 under a light intensity of 315 µmol·m −2 ·s −1”
Claim · model-written summary
At 105 µmol·m −2 ·s −1, kohlrabi phenolics were significantly greater under R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 than R 74 :G 18 :B 8.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese1
- Treatment
- R 84 :FR 7 :B 9e0
- Outcome
- total phenolic concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- 105 µmol·m −2 ·s −1e0
- Comparator
- R 74 :G 18 :B 8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly greater levels for the light ratio of R 84 :FR 7 :B 9 compared with R 74 :G 18 :B 8 under a light intensity of 105 µmol·m −2 ·s −1”
e1“Light quality also influenced the total phenolic concentration of kohlrabi microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Light intensity had no statistically significant association with kohlrabi total phenolic concentration.
- Taxon
- kohlrabiBrassica oleracea var. gongylodese0
- Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- total phenolic concentratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the impact of light intensity on total phenolic concentration of kohlrabi was not significant”
The same questions in other papers
light · physiology: pigments · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →light · quality: phytochemicals · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
30 papers more in this group
See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.