Abstract
Salinity is major abiotic stress limiting plant growth worldwide. Plant adaptation to salinity stress involves diverse physiological and metabolic pathways. In this study, we assessed the effects of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and Moringa leaf extract (MLE) on salt tolerance in faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4). Morphological, chemical, and biochemical parameters of plants grown under saline condition (50 and 100 mM NaCl) were assessed 60 days after sowing. Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety. The results showed that foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants. Based on these findings, the potential of foliar spraying application of MLE and ZnONPs may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, and biochemical properties of faba bean. Key words: Faba bean, Moringa oleifera, antioxidant enzyme activity, ZnO nanoparticles, salt stress, proline.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced growth traits of faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growth traitse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced photosynthetic pigments of faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced proline in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced mineral elements in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- mineralse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced total phenol in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- total phenole0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress markedly reduced enzyme activity in faba bean.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress caused a remarkable reduction in growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, proline, minerals, total phenol, and enzyme activity of the faba bean variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted growth parameters relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- growth parameterse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted photosynthetic pigments relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted proline relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- prolinee1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted mineral elements relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- mineral elementse1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted total phenol relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- total phenole1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on salt-stressed faba bean promoted enzyme activity relative to control plants.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Material
- Sakha 4e3
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPse1
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar spraying of MLE and ZnONPs on faba bean grown under salt-stressed conditions promoted growth parameters (that is, shoot length, numbers of leaves, relative water content, shoot, roots fresh and dry weights), photosynthetic pigments (that is, chl a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), proline, mineral elements (Na+, K+, Ca+2, and Zn+2), total phenol and enzyme activity (POX, PPO, APX, and CAT) compared to control plants”
e3“faba beans (cultivar, Sakha 4)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that foliar MLE and ZnONP application may help alleviate salinity effects on faba bean growth, photosynthesis and biochemistry.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- foliar spraying application of MLE and ZnONPse2
- Outcome
- alleviate the negative effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, and biochemical propertiese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Based on these findings, the potential of foliar spraying application of MLE and ZnONPs may help alleviate the negative effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis efficiency, and biochemical properties of faba bean”
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8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.