Abstract
Intercropping systems are one of the sustainable agricultural models as they play an important role in protecting soil fertility, efficient use of resources, maintaining stable yields, and reducing the effectiveness of diseases and pests. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of intercropping (IC) cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) with leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa) on the yield and quality parameters of cauliflower and to evaluate the overall productivity of the system under different nitrogen fertilization rates (160, 200, and 240 kg N ha−1). Our results showed that the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems. The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer doses for cauliflower were 234.7 kg ha−1 for MC and 176.6 kg ha−1 for IC, respectively. When the intercropping system was used the total yield (cauliflower and lettuce) was higher than the yield of cauliflower (MC) for the same total area and fertilizer amount. The land equivalent ratio (LER) values were greater than 1 in the intercropping system at all fertilization rates, which indicated that the IC system was more productive than the MC system for the same unit of land. Our findings also showed that intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu. In conclusion, while intercropping cauliflower with lettuce did not adversely affect the yield of cauliflower, it enabled harvesting more plants (cauliflower and lettuce) from the same land area by using the same amount of fertilizer, which makes intercropping a sustainable, economical, and ecological model that increases the land-use and fertilizer-use efficiencies.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight and leaf weight of cauliflower increased with nitrogen dose.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytise0 - Treatment
- nitrogen dosee0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Head diameter, head height and head weight of cauliflower increased with nitrogen dose.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- nitrogen dosee0
- Outcome
- head diameter, head height, head weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Total yield of cauliflower increased with nitrogen dose.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- nitrogen dosee0
- Outcome
- total yield of cauliflowere0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer dose for cauliflower in monocropping was 234.7 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Outcome
- most efficient nitrogen fertilizer dosese1
- Value
- 234.7 kg ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- for MCe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer doses for cauliflower were 234.7 kg ha−1 for MC and 176.6 kg ha−1 for IC, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer dose for cauliflower in intercropping was 176.6 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise1
- Outcome
- most efficient nitrogen fertilizer dosese1
- Value
- 176.6 kg ha−1e1
- Qualifier
- for ICe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The most efficient nitrogen fertilizer doses for cauliflower were 234.7 kg ha−1 for MC and 176.6 kg ha−1 for IC, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total yield of cauliflower plus lettuce under intercropping was higher than cauliflower yield under monocropping at the same area and fertilizer amount.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise2
- Treatment
- the intercropping systeme2
- Outcome
- total yield (cauliflower and lettuce)e2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- the yield of cauliflower (MC)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“When the intercropping system was used the total yield (cauliflower and lettuce) was higher than the yield of cauliflower (MC) for the same total area and fertilizer amount”
Claim · model-written summary
Land equivalent ratio values were greater than 1 in intercropping at all fertilization rates.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratio (LER) valuese3
- Qualifier
- greater than 1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The land equivalent ratio (LER) values were greater than 1 in the intercropping system at all fertilization rates, which indicated that the IC system was more productive than the MC system for the same unit of land”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping system was more productive than monocropping per unit of land.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- the IC systeme3
- Outcome
- more productivee3
- Direction
- moree3
- Comparator
- the MC systeme3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The land equivalent ratio (LER) values were greater than 1 in the intercropping system at all fertilization rates, which indicated that the IC system was more productive than the MC system for the same unit of land”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased fertilizer use efficiency.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- fertilizer use efficiencye4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased soil organic matter, nitrogen content and plant available P.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available Pe4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased plant available K, Mg and Zn in soil.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- K, Mg, Zne4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased plant available Fe, Mn and Cu in soil.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge4
- Outcome
- Fe, Mn, and Cue4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“intercropping was an effective method to increase fertilizer use efficiency and the soil organic matter, nitrogen content, plant available P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping cauliflower with lettuce is recommended as a sustainable, economical and ecological model.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise0
- Outcome
- intercropping a sustainable, economical, and ecological modele6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“which makes intercropping a sustainable, economical, and ecological model that increases the land-use and fertilizer-use efficiencies”
e0“the leaf chlorophyll value (SPAD), plant weight, leaf weight, head diameter, head height, head weight, and total yield of cauliflower were found to increase as the nitrogen dose increased in both the monocropping (MC) and IC systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping cauliflower with lettuce did not adversely affect cauliflower yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytise5
- Treatment
- intercropping cauliflower with lettucee5
- Outcome
- yield of cauliflowere5
- Direction
- did not adversely affecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“while intercropping cauliflower with lettuce did not adversely affect the yield of cauliflower”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.