Abstract
DA-meter hand-held instrument, hot water treatment (HWT) and biocontrol agents (BCAs) represent an alternative solution to synthetic fungicides. In the present study, the three strategies were combined to reduce Neofabraea vagabunda virulence on apple fruit cv ‘Cripps Pink’. In vitro assays were conducted by testing different heat treatment timing (10, 5, and 3 min at 45°C) influence on pathogen mycelial growth together with BCAs (Aureobasidium pullulans L1 and L8, and Trichoderma harzianum Th1). The combined activities of HWT 45°C × 5 min and both BCAs volatile and no-volatile compounds displayed the complete control of the pathogen. In vivo, DA-meter was used to measure the index of absorbance difference (IAD) of chlorophyll-α content on apple and to separate fruit into two different ripening classes, immediately wound inoculated with N. vagabunda conidial suspension, and treated with HW and BCAs. In vivo results showed how the combined action of HW and BCAs completely inhibited the pathogen. Also, the less ripe apple class showed a decrease of fungal incidence by 16.2% with respect to the riper class. At harvest and after four months of storage at 0°C, quality parameters of both apple classes heat treated and untreated, such as firmness (FF), soluble solid contents (SSC), and pH were measured without showing any substantial differences. Obtained results open new perspectives on organic apple productions.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water and biocontrol agents completely controlled pathogen growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- HWT 45°C × 5 min and both BCAs volatile and no-volatile compoundse0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- complete control of the pathogene0
- Direction
- complete controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple bull’s eye rot”
e0“The combined activities of HWT 45°C × 5 min and both BCAs volatile and no-volatile compounds displayed the complete control of the pathogen.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined hot water and biocontrol agents completely inhibited the pathogen in vivo.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combined action of HW and BCAse0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- the pathogene0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple bull’s eye rot”
e0“In vivo results showed how the combined action of HW and BCAs completely inhibited the pathogen.”
Claim · model-written summary
Less ripe apples had 16.2% lower fungal incidence than riper apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- less ripe apple classe0
- Outcome
- fungal incidencee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- the riper classe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the less ripe apple class showed a decrease of fungal incidence by 16.2% with respect to the riper class.”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment produced no substantial differences in fruit firmness, soluble solids, or pH at harvest and after storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- heat treatede0
- Outcome
- firmness (FF), soluble solid contents (SSC), and pHe0
- Direction
- without showing any substantial differencese0
- Qualifier
- At harvest and after four months of storage at 0°Ce0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“apple bull’s eye rot”
e0“At harvest and after four months of storage at 0°C, quality parameters of both apple classes heat treated and untreated, such as firmness (FF), soluble solid contents (SSC), and pH were measured without showing any substantial differences.”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.