Abstract
A method was developed to select antagonists to be combined in mixtures that controlled blue mold of apple better than individual antagonists alone. Microorganisms selected for these mixtures were isolated from exposed apple tissue at weekly intervals over 5 weeks before harvest. The isolated microorganisms were classified and grouped into various nutritional clusters on the basis of their utilization of 95 carbon sources in Biolog plates using MicroLog and MLCLUST programs, respectively. Yeasts dominated isolations on nutrient yeast-dextrose agar at all isolation times. Bacteria were isolated only occasionally. Isolates were screened for their ability to control blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on Golden Delicious apple fruit. The most promising antagonists from different clusters were paired in subsequent tests to control blue mold, with preference given to antagonists colonizing the same fruit, secondly to those colonizing different fruit, but isolated at the same time, and finally to those colonizing different fruit at different times of isolation. Among 21 yeast antagonists tested in 13 combinations, four combinations were superior to individual antagonists. In a more extensive test, control of blue mold by a combination of antagonist isolates T5-D3 and T5-E2 was consistently superior to the individual isolates. Nutritional profiles of these antagonists, based on utilization of 35 carbon and 33 nitrogen sources, revealed significant differences in carbon catabolism. These differences caused niche differentiation and allowed populations of both antagonists to flourish in the same wound. De Wit replacement series revealed a high level of coexistence between the two antagonists. This was further confirmed by the relative yield that was close to unity at all antagonist proportions tested. Combining antagonists on the basis of niche differentiation was an effective method of improving control of postharvest blue mold, and probably also for other pre- and postharvest diseases.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed public-domain. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Yeasts dominated isolations from apple tissue at all sampling times.
- Taxon
- Apples
Malus domesticat0 - Interactor
- Yeastse0other
- Outcome
- dominated isolationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Yeasts dominated isolations on nutrient yeast-dextrose agar at all isolation times.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteria were isolated only occasionally.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- isolated only occasionallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Bacteria were isolated only occasionally.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four of 13 combinations of 21 yeast antagonists controlled blue mold better than individual antagonists.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combinationse0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- four combinationse0
- Comparator
- individual antagonistse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Among 21 yeast antagonists tested in 13 combinations, four combinations were superior to individual antagonists.”
Claim · model-written summary
The T5-D3 and T5-E2 combination consistently improved blue mold control relative to either isolate.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- combination of antagonist isolates T5-D3 and T5-E2e0
- Outcome
- control of blue molde0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- individual isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“control of blue mold by a combination of antagonist isolates T5-D3 and T5-E2 was consistently superior to the individual isolates.”
Claim · model-written summary
The antagonists differed significantly in carbon catabolism.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- differences in carbon catabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Nutritional profiles of these antagonists, based on utilization of 35 carbon and 33 nitrogen sources, revealed significant differences in carbon catabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
Niche differentiation allowed both antagonist populations to flourish in the same wound.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- populations of both antagonists to flourish in the same wounde0
- Qualifier
- niche differentiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“These differences caused niche differentiation and allowed populations of both antagonists to flourish in the same wound.”
Claim · model-written summary
A De Wit replacement series showed high coexistence between the antagonists.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- high level of coexistencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“De Wit replacement series revealed a high level of coexistence between the two antagonists.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative yield was near one at all antagonist proportions.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- relative yielde0
- Value
- close to unitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“relative yield that was close to unity at all antagonist proportions tested.”
Claim · model-written summary
Selecting antagonists by niche differentiation improved postharvest blue mold control.
- Taxon
- ApplesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- control of postharvest blue molde0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apples”
e0“Combining antagonists on the basis of niche differentiation was an effective method of improving control of postharvest blue mold”
The same questions in other papers
biocontrol · control · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.