Abstract
Argemone ochroleuca allelochemical properties have been reported but not empirically tested on economically important staple cereal crops. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the potential Allelopathic effects of the alien weed’s residues on germination and early-growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and Pearl millet (Pennisertum glaucum). Allelopathic effects of A. ochroleuca on maize and millet seed germination were tested in a 2 (shoot and root) x 11 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100g/L water) factorial treatment arrangement in CRD in an incubator placed in a laboratory. Whereas effects of the weed extracts on the same crops’ early-growth were tested in a 2 (shoot and roots) x 8 (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14g ground-powdered extracts) factorial arrangement in RCBD under laboratory conditions. Maize and millet germination percentage, germination speed, mean germination time, mean daily germination, plumule and radicle length were measured for germination test, whereas, plant height, stem diameter, root and shoot mass were used as indicators of A. ochroleuca suppression of early plant growth. Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively, while early-growth variables were reduced by 66–100% and 4–37%, respectively. Argemone ochroleuca shoot extracts were more suppressive than root extracts on germination and early growth of the two crops. In conclusion, A. ochroleuca Allelopathic effects were concentration and plant-part dependent, inhibitory effects increased with concentrations, with extracts from shoots being more Allelopathic on measured variables when compared to root extracts. As A. ochroleuca continues to spread yearly without any control strategies in place, a threat exist on maize and Pearl millet production especially in communal farming areas where improved management strategies are non- existent. Key words: Allelopathic, Argemone ochroleuca, germination, growth, millet, maize, plumule, radicle
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca at 10 g/L and above reduced millet seed germination variables by 10–100% relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- millete1
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of A. ochroleucae1
- Interactor
- A. ochroleuca
Argemone ochroleucae1weed - Outcome
- seed germination variablese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 10–100%e1
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca at 10 g/L and above reduced maize seed germination variables by 28–56% relative to untreated control.
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of A. ochroleucae1
- Interactor
- A. ochroleucaArgemone ochroleucae1weed
- Outcome
- seed germination variablese1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 28–56%e1
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet early-growth variables by 66–100% relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- millete1
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of A. ochroleucae1
- Interactor
- A. ochroleucaArgemone ochroleucae1weed
- Outcome
- early-growth variablese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 66–100%e2
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively”
e2“while early-growth variables were reduced by 66–100% and 4–37%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced maize early-growth variables by 4–37% relative to untreated control.
- Treatment
- aqueous extracts of A. ochroleucae1
- Interactor
- A. ochroleucaArgemone ochroleucae1weed
- Outcome
- early-growth variablese2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 4–37%e2
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to untreated control, concentration equal to and greater than 10g/L aqueous extracts of A. ochroleuca reduced millet and maize seed germination variables by 10–100% and 28–56%, respectively”
e2“while early-growth variables were reduced by 66–100% and 4–37%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot extracts of A. ochroleuca were more suppressive than root extracts on maize and pearl millet germination and early growth.
- Taxon
- maize and pearl millet
Cenchrus americanus
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- Argemone ochroleuca shoot extractse3
- Interactor
- Argemone ochroleucaArgemone ochroleucae3weed
- Outcome
- germination and early growthe3
- Direction
- more suppressivee3
- Comparator
- root extractse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“germination and early growth of maize and pearl millet crops”
e3“Argemone ochroleuca shoot extracts were more suppressive than root extracts on germination and early growth of the two crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitory effects of A. ochroleuca extracts on maize and pearl millet increased with extract concentration.
- Taxon
- maize and pearl milletCenchrus americanusZea mayst0
- Treatment
- concentrationse4
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“germination and early growth of maize and pearl millet crops”
e4“inhibitory effects increased with concentrations”
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