Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of iron concentration in the nutrient solution on zinc toxicities of vegetable crops, welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber were grown in solution culture with varying zinc and iron levels. Hoagland′s No. 1 solution was used as the basic nutrient solution. The concentrations of zinc supplied were 0.05, 1, 3, 10, and 30ppm. At each of the zinc level iron was supplied at rates of 1, 3, 10 (or 9), and 30ppm. Iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) was used as the iron source. All of the solutions were adjusted to pH 6.1. At the 1 and 3ppm iron levels, plants treated with excess zinc revealed interveinalc hlorosis in upper leaves. The symptom became more progressively severe with decrease of the iron supply and with increase of the zinc supply; and in the severe case plants were entirely chlorotic and showed markedly inhibited growth.2. The increase of iron supply in the solution was markedly effective to prevent the development of the chlorosis and to reduce the inhibition of growth, provided the zinc level was not too high. Normal growth was obtained when the ratio of iron to zinc in the solution was in the optimal range, from 1 to 3 or more, depending on the zinc level in the solution. It was also suggested that the excessive iron supply might cause iron toxicities.3. Although the chlorosis observed was considered to be zinc-induced iron chlorosis, there was no evident relation between the development of the chlorosis and the iron content in leaves in most case. However, the ratio of iron to zinc or to zinc plus manganese within leaves was definitely low with plants which showed chlorosis or inhibited growth due to zinc toxicities.4. The increase of iron supply in the solution had also the effect to suppress the excessive accumulation of zinc in the plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Excess zinc at 1 and 3ppm iron produced interveinal chlorosis in upper leaves.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- excess zince0
- Outcome
- interveinalc hlorosis in upper leavese0
- Value
- 1 and 3ppme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“At the 1 and 3ppm iron levels, plants treated with excess zinc revealed interveinalc hlorosis in upper leaves.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis worsened as iron supply decreased.
Verbatim
e0“The symptom became more progressively severe with decrease of the iron supply and with increase of the zinc supply”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorosis worsened as zinc supply increased.
Verbatim
e0“The symptom became more progressively severe with decrease of the iron supply and with increase of the zinc supply”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe toxicity caused entirely chlorotic plants and inhibited growth.
Verbatim
e0“in the severe case plants were entirely chlorotic and showed markedly inhibited growth”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
More iron prevented chlorosis when zinc was not too high.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- increase of iron supplye0
- Outcome
- development of the chlorosise0
- Direction
- prevente0
- Qualifier
- provided the zinc level was not too highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of iron supply in the solution was markedly effective to prevent the development of the chlorosis and to reduce the inhibition of growth, provided the zinc level was not too high.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
More iron reduced growth inhibition when zinc was not too high.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- increase of iron supplye0
- Outcome
- inhibition of growthe0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- provided the zinc level was not too highe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of iron supply in the solution was markedly effective to prevent the development of the chlorosis and to reduce the inhibition of growth, provided the zinc level was not too high.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Normal growth occurred at iron-to-zinc ratios from 1 to 3 or more, depending on zinc.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Normal growth was obtained when the ratio of iron to zinc in the solution was in the optimal range, from 1 to 3 or more, depending on the zinc level in the solution.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess iron might cause iron toxicity.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- excessive iron supplye0
- Outcome
- iron toxicitiese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“It was also suggested that the excessive iron supply might cause iron toxicities.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf iron content had no evident relation to chlorosis in most cases.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- development of the chlorosise0
- Qualifier
- no evident relatione0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“there was no evident relation between the development of the chlorosis and the iron content in leaves in most case.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorotic or growth-inhibited plants had low leaf iron-to-zinc or iron-to-zinc-plus-manganese ratios.
Verbatim
e0“the ratio of iron to zinc or to zinc plus manganese within leaves was definitely low with plants which showed chlorosis or inhibited growth due to zinc toxicities.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing iron supply suppressed excessive zinc accumulation in plants.
- Taxon
- welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumbere1
- Treatment
- increase of iron supplye0
- Outcome
- excessive accumulation of zinc in the plantse0
- Direction
- suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The increase of iron supply in the solution had also the effect to suppress the excessive accumulation of zinc in the plants.”
e1“welsh onion, spinach, bean, and cucumber”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.