Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of cultivar, nitrogen (N) rate, and biostimulant application on the chemical composition of the aboveground biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). A small-area field experiment was established in the Agricultural Experiment Station in Tomaszkowo (53°42′40.8″ N 20°26′04.7″ E, north-eastern Poland). The experiment had a split-plot design with three replications, and the experimental variables were as follows: (i) perennial ryegrass cultivar: Bajka and Baronka, (ii) N fertilizer rate: 0, 120, 240 kg N ha−1, (iii) application of biostimulants: Blatt Boden-Foliar (BB-F) and Blatt Boden-Foliar + Blatt Boden-Multical (BB-F + BB-M). This study demonstrated that the tetraploid cultivar Baronka had a more desirable chemical composition than the diploid cultivar Bajka. The biomass of cv. Baronka had a higher content of CP, CF, and K, and it was characterized by higher leaf greenness (SPAD) values. Nitrogen fertilization considerably increased the content of CP, P, and K, and leaf greenness (SPAD) values in both cultivars, and the noted increase was higher when N was applied at 240 kg ha−1. The N fertilizer rate of 120 kg ha−1 led to a significant decrease in the average Ca content of plants, whereas the N fertilizer rate of 240 kg ha−1 had no significant effect on Ca concentration. The tested biostimulants significantly affected the chemical composition of perennial ryegrass biomass, and their influence was greater when they were applied in combination. The foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multical increased the content of CP, P, and chlorophyll in perennial ryegrass leaves, whereas it decreased the accumulation of CF, K, and Ca in plants. The analyzed biostimulants had a positive effect on the chemical composition of perennial ryegrass biomass. This is an important practical consideration because high-quality green fodder for livestock can be produced while minimizing the use of mineral fertilizers and adverse environmental impacts.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Baronka had a higher content of CP, CF and K in its biomass than Bajka.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrass
Lolium perennee0 - Material
- Baronkae1
- Outcome
- content of CP, CF, and Ke1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- Bajkae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“The biomass of cv. Baronka had a higher content of CP, CF, and K, and it was characterized by higher leaf greenness (SPAD) values”
e2“the tetraploid cultivar Baronka had a more desirable chemical composition than the diploid cultivar Bajka”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Baronka had higher leaf greenness (SPAD) values than the other cultivar.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Material
- Baronkae1
- Outcome
- leaf greenness (SPAD) valuese1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“The biomass of cv. Baronka had a higher content of CP, CF, and K, and it was characterized by higher leaf greenness (SPAD) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased the content of CP, P and K in perennial ryegrass in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- content of CP, P, and Ke3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e3“Nitrogen fertilization considerably increased the content of CP, P, and K, and leaf greenness (SPAD) values in both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased leaf greenness (SPAD) values, more when N was applied at 240 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione3
- Outcome
- leaf greenness (SPAD) valuese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- when N was applied at 240 kg ha−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e3“Nitrogen fertilization considerably increased the content of CP, P, and K, and leaf greenness (SPAD) values in both cultivars”
e4“the noted increase was higher when N was applied at 240 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The 120 kg ha−1 N rate significantly decreased the average Ca content of perennial ryegrass plants.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer rate of 120 kg ha−1e5
- Outcome
- average Ca contente5
- Direction
- decreasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e5“The N fertilizer rate of 120 kg ha−1 led to a significant decrease in the average Ca content of plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The 240 kg ha−1 N rate had no significant effect on Ca concentration of perennial ryegrass.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- N fertilizer rate of 240 kg ha−1e6
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione6
- Direction
- no significant effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e6“the N fertilizer rate of 240 kg ha−1 had no significant effect on Ca concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants applied in combination had a greater influence on the chemical composition of perennial ryegrass biomass than when applied singly.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- biostimulantse7
- Outcome
- chemical composition of perennial ryegrass biomasse7
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- when they were applied in combinatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e7“The tested biostimulants significantly affected the chemical composition of perennial ryegrass biomass”
e1“their influence was greater when they were applied in combination”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multical increased CP, P and chlorophyll content in perennial ryegrass leaves.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multicale1
- Outcome
- content of CP, P, and chlorophylle1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“The foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multical increased the content of CP, P, and chlorophyll in perennial ryegrass leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of the biostimulants decreased the accumulation of CF, K and Ca in perennial ryegrass plants.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multicale1
- Outcome
- accumulation of CF, K, and Cae2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“The foliar application of Blatt Boden-Foliar and Blatt Boden-Multical increased the content of CP, P, and chlorophyll in perennial ryegrass leaves”
e2“whereas it decreased the accumulation of CF, K, and Ca in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High-quality green fodder for livestock can be produced from perennial ryegrass while minimizing mineral fertilizer use, according to the authors.
- Taxon
- perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
- Outcome
- high-quality green fodder for livestock can be producede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)”
e1“high-quality green fodder for livestock can be produced while minimizing the use of mineral fertilizers”
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