Abstract
The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia. These piercing-sucking insects secrete saliva into the host during feeding. Nevertheless, it is largely unknown how planthoppers use salivary effectors to enable continuous feeding on rice. Here, we screened their salivary proteomes and selected eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPH as candidate effectors. Silencing calmodulin ( CaM ) impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem. Hence, their food intake, survival, and fecundity on rice plants were reduced. By contrast, CaM silencing had a small effect on the survival rate of BPH and SBPH raised on artificial diet. The CaM amino acid sequences were the same for both BPH and SBPH. CaM was highly expressed in their salivary glands and secreted into the rice plants during feeding. Bacterially expressed recombinant CaM protein exhibited calcium-binding activity. In planta expression disclosed that CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei and suppressed plant defenses such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) accumulation and callose deposition. CaM- silenced BPH and SBPH nymphs elicited relatively high levels of H 2 O 2 and callose accumulation in rice plants. The foregoing results reveal that CaM is an effector as it enables the planthopper to reach the phloem by suppressing callose deposition and H 2 O 2 accumulation in rice.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPH were selected as candidate effectors.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPHe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e1“we screened their salivary proteomes and selected eight salivary proteins conserved between SBPH and BPH as candidate effectors”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing CaM impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem of rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Silencing calmoduline2
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- penetrating the phloeme2
- Direction
- impedede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e2“Silencing calmodulin ( CaM ) impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing CaM reduced food intake, survival and fecundity of BPH and SBPH on rice plants.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Silencing calmoduline2
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- food intake, survival, and fecundity on rice plantse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e2“Silencing calmodulin ( CaM ) impeded BPH and SBPH from penetrating the phloem”
e3“Hence, their food intake, survival, and fecundity on rice plants were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM silencing had a small effect on survival of BPH and SBPH raised on artificial diet.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CaM silencinge4
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- survival ratee4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e4“By contrast, CaM silencing had a small effect on the survival rate of BPH and SBPH raised on artificial diet”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM was highly expressed in the salivary glands of BPH and SBPH.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- salivary glandse5
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Gene
- CaMe5
- Outcome
- highly expressed in their salivary glandse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e5“CaM was highly expressed in their salivary glands and secreted into the rice plants during feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM was secreted into rice plants during feeding by BPH and SBPH.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Gene
- CaMe5
- Outcome
- secreted into the rice plants during feedinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e5“CaM was highly expressed in their salivary glands and secreted into the rice plants during feeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant CaM protein exhibited calcium-binding activity.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Gene
- recombinant CaM proteine6
- Outcome
- calcium-binding activitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e6“Bacterially expressed recombinant CaM protein exhibited calcium-binding activity”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei when expressed in planta.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- plant cytoplasms and nucleie7
- Treatment
- In planta expressione7
- Gene
- CaMe7
- Outcome
- localized to the plant cytoplasms and nucleie7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e7“In planta expression disclosed that CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei and suppressed plant defenses such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) accumulation and callose deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
In planta CaM expression suppressed hydrogen peroxide accumulation and callose deposition in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- In planta expressione7
- Gene
- CaMe7
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) accumulation and callose depositione7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e7“In planta expression disclosed that CaM was localized to the plant cytoplasms and nuclei and suppressed plant defenses such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) accumulation and callose deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM-silenced BPH and SBPH nymphs elicited relatively high hydrogen peroxide and callose accumulation in rice plants.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CaM- silencede7
- Interactor
- BPHe7pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe7pest
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and callose accumulation in rice plantse7
- Direction
- relatively highe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e7“CaM- silenced BPH and SBPH nymphs elicited relatively high levels of H 2 O 2 and callose accumulation in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM is an effector that enables the planthopper to reach the phloem by suppressing callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- planthoppere7pest
- Gene
- CaMe7
- Outcome
- reach the phloeme7
- Qualifier
- by suppressing callose depositione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e7“The foregoing results reveal that CaM is an effector as it enables the planthopper to reach the phloem by suppressing callose deposition and H 2 O 2 accumulation in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CaM amino acid sequences were the same in BPH and SBPH.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Second interactor
- SBPHe0pest
- Gene
- CaMe7
- Outcome
- CaM amino acid sequencese7
- Qualifier
- the same for both BPH and SBPHe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens , BPH) and small brown planthopper ( Laodelphax striatellus , SBPH) are major pests of rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia”
e7“The CaM amino acid sequences were the same for both BPH and SBPH”
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See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.