Abstract
The article presents the results of a long-term research in establishing the share of the effect of various methods and systems of primary soil cultivation on the productivity of maize and sunflower, as well as soil fertility on the territory of the Raduga farm in the Giaginsk district of the Republic of Adygea. The studies were performed according to the following tillage systems: soil plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm (continuously (reference)); chisel soil plowing to the depth of 38 – 40 cm (continuously); surface soil tillage to the depth of 10 – 12 cm (continuously); and combined tillage system. The study has established the fact of troubled forming of the optimal maize and sunflower plant density due to the decreased germination with the loose structure of the seed layer. Improper choice of the primary tillage method, deficiency of the required density of seedlings in some years reached 20 % or more. However, after combined tillage, it reduced 1.5 – 2.0 times. During the study, by the methods of primary tillage, the lowest weed infestation of maize and sunflower was noted on the background of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm, and was before harvesting lower by 30 – 80 % than in other tillage variants. The same regularity was observed in counting the number of pests on tilled crops. In the case of continuous surface tillage, an increase in the number of harmful larvae was noted in the variant of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm — within 31 – 96 %. The highest average sunflower yield was achieved in the variant with combined (based on selection) system of soil tillage, where the growth was determined by increased fertilizer rates and ranged from 20 % (in the case of plowing) to 31 % (in the case of combined tillage). The decrease in the yield of grain maize after replacing plowing of compact chernozem with heavy disc harrowing did not exceed 8 %, and in the case of long-delayed sowin, it was at the level of 19 – 28 %.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
A loose seed layer reduced maize and sunflower germination and impaired optimal stand density.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflower
Helianthus annuus
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- decreased germinatione0
- Outcome
- optimal maize and sunflower plant densitye0
- Direction
- troublede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“troubled forming of the optimal maize and sunflower plant density due to the decreased germination with the loose structure of the seed layer”
Claim · model-written summary
An improper primary tillage choice produced seedling-density deficits of at least 20% in some years.
Verbatim
e0“deficiency of the required density of seedlings in some years reached 20 % or more”
t0“Tilled Crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined tillage reduced the seedling-density deficiency 1.5–2.0 times.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, after combined tillage, it reduced 1.5 – 2.0 times”
t0“Tilled Crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Plowing to 25–27 cm produced the lowest preharvest weed infestation, 30–80% below other tillage variants.
- Taxon
- maize and sunflowerHelianthus annuusZea mayse0
- Treatment
- plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cme0
- Outcome
- weed infestation of maize and sunflowere0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 30 – 80 %e0
- Comparator
- other tillage variantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest weed infestation of maize and sunflower was noted on the background of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm, and was before harvesting lower by 30 – 80 % than in other tillage variants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pest counts followed the same tillage response as weed infestation.
Verbatim
e0“The same regularity was observed in counting the number of pests on tilled crops”
t0“Tilled Crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous surface tillage increased harmful larval counts by 31–96% relative to plowing.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of continuous surface tillage, an increase in the number of harmful larvae was noted in the variant of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm — within 31 – 96 %”
t0“Tilled Crops”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined tillage system gave the highest average sunflower yield.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- combined (based on selection) system of soil tillagee0
- Outcome
- average sunflower yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest average sunflower yield was achieved in the variant with combined (based on selection) system of soil tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported sunflower yield gain with increased fertilizer rates ranged from 20% under plowing to 31% under combined tillage.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- increased fertilizer ratese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- growthe0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Qualifier
- in the case of plowinge0
- Comparator
- plowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth was determined by increased fertilizer rates and ranged from 20 % (in the case of plowing) to 31 % (in the case of combined tillage)”
t0“productivity of maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported sunflower yield gain with increased fertilizer rates reached 31% under combined tillage.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- increased fertilizer ratese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- growthe0
- Value
- 31 %e0
- Qualifier
- in the case of combined tillagee0
- Comparator
- plowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth was determined by increased fertilizer rates and ranged from 20 % (in the case of plowing) to 31 % (in the case of combined tillage)”
t0“productivity of maize and sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Replacing plowing with heavy disc harrowing reduced grain maize yield by no more than 8%.
Verbatim
e0“decrease in the yield of grain maize after replacing plowing of compact chernozem with heavy disc harrowing did not exceed 8 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-delayed sowing was associated with a 19–28% decrease in maize yield.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the case of long-delayed sowin, it was at the level of 19 – 28 %”
t0“productivity of maize and sunflower”
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