Abstract
Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha −1 ), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha −1 ), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m −2 and 7.5 plants m −2 ) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced maize grain yield by 1.83–5.74% over three seasons.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced maize grain numbers.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced maize grain weight.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatments produced lower maize biomass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatments lowered NO3- flux in maize xylem bleeding sap.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatments lowered NH4+ flux in maize xylem bleeding sap.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon treatments lowered total maize N uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon lowered maize N agronomic efficiency at corresponding N rates and densities.
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- NAEe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- at a corresponding N application rate and plant densitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon lowered maize N uptake efficiency at corresponding N rates and densities.
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- NUpEe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- at a corresponding N application rate and plant densitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon had no significant effect on maize grain N concentration.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased maize stover N concentration at harvest.
- Organ / stage
- harvesting stagee0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- N concentration in stovere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased plant N concentration at silking.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon significantly increased post-silking N remobilization by 14.10–32.64%.
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- post-silking N remobilizatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.10–32.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods”
t0“Zea mays L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon significantly increased maize N utilization efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NUtE significantly increased by ethephon”
t0“Zea mays L.”
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