Abstract
SUMMARY Nitrogen (N) supply is essential for achieving high grain yield in maize production, but excessive N application can lead to lodging risks and potential yield loss. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of ethephon application under different N fertilizer rates in reducing maize lodging. Field experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of ethephon (0 and 180 g/ha) and N rate (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg N/ha) on the morphological and chemical characteristics of basal internode and yield across two summer maize-growing seasons (2011/12) in Wuqiao of the North China Plain. Findings showed that ethephon significantly increased the maximum diameter of the 7th to 14th internodes, and decreased the internode lengths, which led to a decrease in plant and ear heights under different N rates. Significant ethephon × N interaction effects were observed on the diameter and length of internode, dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance. Ethephon significantly increased N, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the basal internode, but cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased as the rate of N application increased. Internode diameter, dry weight per unit internode length, and N content of the basal internode were significantly positively correlated with breaking resistance. Ethephon significantly increased grain yield and harvest index in 2011, but not in 2012. Grain yield and above-ground biomass were increased with increasing N application in both growing seasons, showing linear and quadratic responses. These results suggested that ethephon could increase stalk strength by improving the morphological and chemical characteristics of the basal internode, and maintain high yield and biomass under high N rates.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased maximum diameter of internodes 7 to 14.
- Organ / stage
- 7th to 14th internodese0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- maximum diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethephon significantly increased the maximum diameter of the 7th to 14th internodes”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased internode length.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the internode lengths”
e1“ethephon significantly increased the maximum diameter of the 7th to 14th internodes, and decreased the internode lengths”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased plant and ear heights under different nitrogen rates.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in plant and ear heights under different N rates”
e1“ethephon significantly increased the maximum diameter of the 7th to 14th internodes, and decreased the internode lengths, which led to a decrease in plant and ear heights under different N rates”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon and nitrogen interacted significantly for internode diameter, length and dry weight per unit length.
- Treatment
- ethephon × Ne0
- Outcome
- diameter and length of internode, dry weight per unit internode lengthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ethephon × N interaction effects were observed on the diameter and length of internode, dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon and nitrogen interacted significantly for breaking resistance.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant ethephon × N interaction effects were observed on the diameter and length of internode, dry weight per unit internode length and breaking resistance.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased basal internode nitrogen content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon significantly increased N, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the basal internode”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased basal internode cellulose and hemicellulose contents.
- Organ / stage
- basal internodee0
- Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- cellulose and hemicellulose contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon significantly increased N, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of the basal internode”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased as nitrogen application increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased as the rate of N application increased”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Internode diameter and dry weight per unit length were positively correlated with breaking resistance.
- Organ / stage
- basal internodee0
- Outcome
- breaking resistancee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- Internode diameter, dry weight per unit internode lengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Internode diameter, dry weight per unit internode length, and N content of the basal internode were significantly positively correlated with breaking resistance.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal internode nitrogen content was positively correlated with breaking resistance.
- Organ / stage
- basal internodee0
- Outcome
- breaking resistancee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- N contente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Internode diameter, dry weight per unit internode length, and N content of the basal internode were significantly positively correlated with breaking resistance.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased grain yield and harvest index in 2011.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon significantly increased grain yield and harvest index in 2011”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon did not significantly increase grain yield and harvest index in 2012.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon significantly increased grain yield and harvest index in 2011, but not in 2012.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and above-ground biomass rose with increasing nitrogen in both seasons.
- Treatment
- N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Grain yield and above-ground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both growing seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield and above-ground biomass were increased with increasing N application in both growing seasons, showing linear and quadratic responses.”
t0“summer maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest ethephon strengthens stalks by improving basal internode morphology and chemistry while maintaining yield under high nitrogen.
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- stalk strengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- improving the morphological and chemical characteristics of the basal internodee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethephon could increase stalk strength by improving the morphological and chemical characteristics of the basal internode, and maintain high yield and biomass under high N rates”
t0“summer maize”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.