Abstract
BACKGROUND: Salinity is one of the most challenging abiotic stresses restricting the growth of plants. In vitro screening will increase the efficiency and speed of salinity tolerant genotypes identifications. The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro to evaluate the seedlings growth, biochemical, and gene expression responses as well as the effect of nano zinc and iron on callus induction and plant regeneration. RESULTS: The results showed that an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased. MDA content ('Nora', 'PS-10', 'Peto' and 'Roma': 1.71, 1.78, 1.66 and 2.16 folds, respectively), electrolyte leakage ('PS-10': 33.33%; 'Roma': 56.33%), were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control. Proline content was increased in 50 mM NaCl (10.8 fold). The most activity of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and GR was observed in the 'PS-10' cultivar, and the lowest activity of these enzymes was observed in 'Roma' under salinity stress. The AsA and GSH were decreased and DHA and GSSG were increased with the increased intensity of salinity. The relative expression of SOD, APX, and GR genes varied in different cultivars at different salinity concentrations. The most percentage of callus induction was observed with applying iron oxide nanoparticles, and the most regeneration rate was recorded using zinc oxide nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: The results showed that salt-tolerant cultivars such as 'PS-10' with better osmotic adjustment, are suitable candidates for the future production and breeding programs. The use of nutrient nanoparticles under salinity stress for different tomato cultivars increased their performance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity in the medium decreased germination percentage and fresh and dry shoot weight of tomato in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume2 - Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoote1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity in the medium decreased root length of tomato in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity in the medium decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content of tomato in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity in the medium decreased K and Ca content of tomato in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- K and Ca contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity in the medium increased Na content of tomato in vitro.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- Na contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“an increase in salinity stress in the medium decreased the germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root length, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content, K and Ca content, and on the other hand, Na content was increased”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased MDA content in cultivar Nora relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- Norae1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.71e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MDA content ('Nora', 'PS-10', 'Peto' and 'Roma': 1.71, 1.78, 1.66 and 2.16 folds, respectively)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased MDA content in cultivar PS-10 relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- PS-10e1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.78e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MDA content ('Nora', 'PS-10', 'Peto' and 'Roma': 1.71, 1.78, 1.66 and 2.16 folds, respectively)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased MDA content in cultivar Peto relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- Petoe1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 1.66e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MDA content ('Nora', 'PS-10', 'Peto' and 'Roma': 1.71, 1.78, 1.66 and 2.16 folds, respectively)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased MDA content in cultivar Roma relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- Romae1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 2.16e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MDA content ('Nora', 'PS-10', 'Peto' and 'Roma': 1.71, 1.78, 1.66 and 2.16 folds, respectively)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased electrolyte leakage in cultivar PS-10 relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- PS-10e1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 33.33%e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“electrolyte leakage ('PS-10': 33.33%; 'Roma': 56.33%)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity of 100 mM increased electrolyte leakage in cultivar Roma relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- Romae1
- Treatment
- salinity of 100 mMe3
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 56.33%e1
- Comparator
- controle3
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“electrolyte leakage ('PS-10': 33.33%; 'Roma': 56.33%)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
e3“were increased with salinity of 100 mM compared to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline content increased in tomato under 50 mM NaCl, by 10.8 fold.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- 50 mM NaCle1
- Outcome
- Proline contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10.8 folde1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Proline content was increased in 50 mM NaCl (10.8 fold)”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, GR) was highest in cultivar PS-10 and lowest in Roma under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- PS-10e1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and GRe1
- Direction
- moste1
- Comparator
- Romae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The most activity of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, APX, GPX, and GR was observed in the 'PS-10' cultivar, and the lowest activity of these enzymes was observed in 'Roma' under salinity stress”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Under increasing salinity, reduced ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) decreased in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- increased intensity of salinitye1
- Outcome
- AsA and GSHe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The AsA and GSH were decreased and DHA and GSSG were increased with the increased intensity of salinity”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Under increasing salinity, dehydroascorbate (DHA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- increased intensity of salinitye1
- Outcome
- DHA and GSSGe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The AsA and GSH were decreased and DHA and GSSG were increased with the increased intensity of salinity”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative expression of SOD, APX and GR genes varied among tomato cultivars and salinity concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- cultivarse1
- Treatment
- salinity concentrationse1
- Gene
- SOD, APX, and GRe1
- Outcome
- relative expressione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The relative expression of SOD, APX, and GR genes varied in different cultivars at different salinity concentrations”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron oxide nanoparticles gave the highest callus induction percentage in tomato tissue culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- calluse1
- Treatment
- iron oxide nanoparticlese1
- Outcome
- callus inductione1
- Direction
- moste1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The most percentage of callus induction was observed with applying iron oxide nanoparticles”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc oxide nanoparticles gave the highest plant regeneration rate in tomato tissue culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- zinc oxide nanoparticlese1
- Outcome
- regeneration ratee1
- Direction
- moste1
- Setting
- in vitroe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the most regeneration rate was recorded using zinc oxide nanoparticles”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-tolerant tomato cultivar PS-10, with better osmotic adjustment, is suitable for future production and breeding programs.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Material
- PS-10e1
- Outcome
- suitable candidates for the future production and breeding programse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“salt-tolerant cultivars such as 'PS-10' with better osmotic adjustment, are suitable candidates for the future production and breeding programs”
e2“The response of four tomato cultivars under salinity was analyzed in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient nanoparticles under salinity stress increased the performance of different tomato cultivars.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- nutrient nanoparticlese1
- Outcome
- performancee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The use of nutrient nanoparticles under salinity stress for different tomato cultivars increased their performance”
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