Abstract
Foliar nitrogen (N) application is an effective strategy to improve protein content and quality in wheat kernels, but the specific effects of N forms remain unclear. In a two-year field study, foliar application of various N forms (NO3-, urea, NH4+) at anthesis was performed to measure their effects on wheat grain protein accumulation, quality formation, and the underlying mechanisms. Foliar application of three N forms showed varying effects in improving grain gluten proteins and quality traits. Under NH4+ application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling, with relatively strong increase in enzyme activities and gene expression associated with N metabolism in flag leaves at 8–20 days after anthesis (DAA), whereas its promotion of grain N metabolism became weaker after 20 DAA than those under NO3- and urea treatments. More N was remobilized from source organs to grain under treatment with foliar NO3- and urea. Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds were upregulated by NO3- and urea at 20–28 DAA, contributing to increased grain protein content and quality. Overall, foliar applications of NO3- and urea were more effective than those of NH4+ in increasing grain N filling. These findings show that manipulating the source–sink relationship by reinforcing grain N metabolism and N remobilization is critical for optimizing grain protein accumulation and quality formation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Three foliar nitrogen forms differed in their improvement of grain gluten proteins and quality traits.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- three N formse0
- Outcome
- grain gluten proteins and quality traitse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Foliar application of three N forms showed varying effects in improving grain gluten proteins and quality traits.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar NH4+ increased post-anthesis nitrogen uptake for grain filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+ applicatione0
- Outcome
- post-anthesis N uptake for grain fillinge0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Under NH4+ application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar NH4+ increased flag leaf N metabolism enzyme activities at 8–20 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- NH4+e1
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 8–20 days after anthesis (DAA)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“relatively strong increase in enzyme activities and gene expression associated with N metabolism in flag leaves at 8–20 days after anthesis (DAA)”
e1“Under NH4+ application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar NH4+ increased expression of N metabolism genes in flag leaves at 8–20 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- NH4+e1
- Outcome
- gene expression associated with N metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 8–20 days after anthesis (DAA)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“relatively strong increase in enzyme activities and gene expression associated with N metabolism in flag leaves at 8–20 days after anthesis (DAA)”
e1“Under NH4+ application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
The promotion of grain N metabolism by NH4+ weakened after 20 DAA relative to NO3- and urea.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NH4+e1
- Outcome
- grain N metabolisme0
- Direction
- weakere0
- Qualifier
- after 20 DAAe0
- Comparator
- NO3- and urea treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“its promotion of grain N metabolism became weaker after 20 DAA than those under NO3- and urea treatments”
e1“Under NH4+ application, there was more post-anthesis N uptake for grain filling”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar NO3- increased N remobilization from source organs to grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar NO3-e0
- Outcome
- N was remobilized from source organs to graine0
- Direction
- Moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“More N was remobilized from source organs to grain under treatment with foliar NO3- and urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar urea increased N remobilization from source organs to grain.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- N was remobilized from source organs to graine0
- Direction
- Moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“More N was remobilized from source organs to grain under treatment with foliar NO3- and urea.”
Claim · model-written summary
NO3- upregulated genes controlling synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds at 20–28 DAA.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NO3-e0
- Outcome
- Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bondse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- 20–28 DAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds were upregulated by NO3- and urea at 20–28 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea upregulated genes controlling synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds at 20–28 DAA.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ureae0
- Outcome
- Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bondse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- 20–28 DAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds were upregulated by NO3- and urea at 20–28 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
NO3- and urea increased grain protein content and quality through upregulation of synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NO3- and ureae0
- Outcome
- grain protein content and qualitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bondse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Genes controlling the synthesis of gluten protein and disulfide bonds were upregulated by NO3- and urea at 20–28 DAA, contributing to increased grain protein content and quality.”
Claim · model-written summary
NO3- and urea were more effective than NH4+ at increasing grain N filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NO3- and ureae0
- Outcome
- grain N fillinge0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- NH4+e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“foliar applications of NO3- and urea were more effective than those of NH4+ in increasing grain N filling”
The same questions in other papers
ammonium · molecular: expression · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
ammonium · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
ammonium · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
nitrogen · molecular: expression · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
25 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.