Abstract
I conducted field and greenhouse experiments in 1997 and in 1998 to examine physiological mechanisms conferring plant tolerance to arthropod injury and to understand the contribution of environmental resources toward plant tolerance to arthropod injury. Studies on tolerant, antibiotic, and susceptible wheat lines to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), indicated that the tolerant wheat line exhibited photosynthetic compensation compared with the antibiotic or the susceptible wheat lines. Photosynthetic compensation in the tolerant wheat line could be because of rapid healing from aphid injury which allowed this line to maintain photosynthetic rates comparable to those of the uninjured control treatments. The antibiotic wheat line exhibited greater photosynthetic rate reduction by aphid injury, which suggested that there might be trade-offs between antibiotic defense and plant growth. Studies examining the interaction between twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, injury and moisture stress showed that spider mite injury reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans. Well-watered soybeans initially had higher rates of photosynthesis and were more sensitive to spider mite injury than moisture-stressed soybeans. However, because the absolute photosynthetic rates of spider mite-injured soybean leaves were greater in well-watered than in moisture-stressed soybeans, soil moisture improved the tolerance of soybeans to spider mite injury. Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status. In both sunflower and soybean, moisture-stressed plants had lower leaf water potential and hence lower photosynthetic rates. However, the impact of defoliation on photosynthesis was variable depending on changes in plant water status. When defoliation was performed on most leaves per plant, plant water potential improved and enhanced photosynthetic rates occurred. Conversely, when defoliation was performed on an individual leaf per plant, plant water status did not improve and defoliation did not significantly alter photosynthetic rates. Significant yield loss occurred in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans due to defoliation. However, well-watered plants produced more leaf tissues and tolerated defoliation more than moisture-stressed plants.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant wheat line showed photosynthetic compensation under Russian wheat aphid injury compared with antibiotic or susceptible lines.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- tolerant wheat linee1
- Treatment
- Russian wheat aphide0
- Interactor
- Diuraphis noxia
Diuraphis noxiae0pest - Outcome
- photosynthetic compensatione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- antibiotic or the susceptible wheat linese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on tolerant, antibiotic, and susceptible wheat lines to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)”
e1“indicated that the tolerant wheat line exhibited photosynthetic compensation compared with the antibiotic or the susceptible wheat lines”
Claim · model-written summary
The tolerant wheat line maintained photosynthetic rates comparable to uninjured controls after aphid injury.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- aphid injurye2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- uninjured control treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on tolerant, antibiotic, and susceptible wheat lines to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)”
e2“rapid healing from aphid injury which allowed this line to maintain photosynthetic rates comparable to those of the uninjured control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The antibiotic wheat line showed a greater photosynthetic rate reduction under aphid injury.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Material
- antibiotic wheat linee3
- Treatment
- aphid injurye3
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The antibiotic wheat line exhibited greater photosynthetic rate reduction by aphid injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider mite injury reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe4 - Treatment
- spider mite injurye4
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae
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Tetranychus urticaee5pest - Outcome
- photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiratione4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- in both moisture-stressed and well-waterede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“spider mite injury reduced photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans”
e5“twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered soybeans initially had higher photosynthesis rates than moisture-stressed soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- well-waterede6
- Outcome
- rates of photosynthesise6
- Direction
- highere6
- Qualifier
- initiallye6
- Comparator
- moisture-stressed soybeanse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Well-watered soybeans initially had higher rates of photosynthesis and were more sensitive to spider mite injury than moisture-stressed soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered soybeans were more sensitive to spider mite injury than moisture-stressed soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- spider mite injurye6
- Outcome
- more sensitive to spider mite injurye6
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
- Comparator
- moisture-stressed soybeanse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Well-watered soybeans initially had higher rates of photosynthesis and were more sensitive to spider mite injury than moisture-stressed soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Absolute photosynthetic rates of spider mite-injured soybean leaves were greater in well-watered than in moisture-stressed soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe7
- Treatment
- well-waterede7
- Outcome
- absolute photosynthetic rates of spider mite-injured soybean leavese7
- Direction
- greatere7
- Comparator
- moisture-stressed soybeanse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the absolute photosynthetic rates of spider mite-injured soybean leaves were greater in well-watered than in moisture-stressed soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture improved the tolerance of soybeans to spider mite injury.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- soil moisturee1
- Outcome
- tolerance of soybeans to spider mite injurye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“soil moisture improved the tolerance of soybeans to spider mite injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas-exchange responses of sunflower and soybean to defoliation and moisture stress varied with plant water status.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine max
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- defoliation and moisture stresse0
- Outcome
- gas-exchange responsese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture-stressed sunflower and soybean plants had lower leaf water potential.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- moisture-stressede0
- Outcome
- leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both sunflower and soybean, moisture-stressed plants had lower leaf water potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture-stressed sunflower and soybean plants had lower photosynthetic rates.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- moisture-stressede1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese1
- Direction
- lowere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both sunflower and soybean, moisture-stressed plants had lower leaf water potential”
e1“moisture-stressed plants had lower leaf water potential and hence lower photosynthetic rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation of most leaves per plant improved plant water potential.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- plant water potentiale1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status”
e1“When defoliation was performed on most leaves per plant, plant water potential improved and enhanced photosynthetic rates occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation of most leaves per plant enhanced photosynthetic rates.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status”
e1“When defoliation was performed on most leaves per plant, plant water potential improved and enhanced photosynthetic rates occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation of an individual leaf per plant did not improve plant water status.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- plant water statuse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status”
e1“when defoliation was performed on an individual leaf per plant, plant water status did not improve”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation of an individual leaf per plant did not significantly alter photosynthetic rates.
- Taxon
- sunflower and soybeanGlycine maxHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Studies on sunflower and soybean gas-exchange responses to defoliation and moisture stress demonstrated that gas-exchange responses varied based on plant water status”
e1“defoliation did not significantly alter photosynthetic rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation caused a significant yield loss in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- defoliatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield loss occurred in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans due to defoliation”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered soybeans produced more leaf tissues than moisture-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- well-waterede1
- Outcome
- leaf tissuese1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Comparator
- moisture-stressed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield loss occurred in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans due to defoliation”
e1“well-watered plants produced more leaf tissues and tolerated defoliation more than moisture-stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered soybeans tolerated defoliation more than moisture-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- well-waterede1
- Outcome
- tolerated defoliatione1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Comparator
- moisture-stressed plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield loss occurred in both moisture-stressed and well-watered soybeans due to defoliation”
e1“well-watered plants produced more leaf tissues and tolerated defoliation more than moisture-stressed plants”
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