Abstract
A long term field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2008-09 to 2011-12 on a sandy loam soil to study the effect of tillage and crop establishment techniques, and residue management practices on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. Results indicated that zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop. Grain yield of pigeonpea and wheat in zero tillage was 5.4 and 2.47 % higher over conventional tillage, respectively. ZT-F had higher system productivity, net returns and benefit:cost ratio, but ZT-B had higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY). Among all the practices, system yield and net returns were lowest in conventional tillage-flat bed (CT-F). Application of residue gave 14.32 and 34.39 % higher pigeonpea and wheat grain yield, respectively, over the no residue. System productivity, WEY and sustainable yield index (SYI) also increased in combined use of pigeonpea+wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha over no residue application. Zero tillage with combined application of residue @ 3 tonnes/ha improved productivity and sustainability of the system. Similar net returns were gained with pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84,500) and sole pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84 200) application, but net B:C ratio was higher with pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (2.68) than pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (2.55) application.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage and establishment methods influenced pods, spikes, and grains per spike.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheat
Cajanus cajan
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B)e0
- Outcome
- pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spikee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage raised pigeonpea grain yield by 5.4% versus conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajane0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.4e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield of pigeonpea and wheat in zero tillage was 5.4 and 2.47 % higher over conventional tillage, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage raised wheat grain yield by 2.47% versus conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- zero tillagee0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.47 %e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield of pigeonpea and wheat in zero tillage was 5.4 and 2.47 % higher over conventional tillage, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-F had higher system productivity, net returns, and benefit:cost ratio.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZT-Fe0
- Outcome
- system productivity, net returns and benefit:cost ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT-F had higher system productivity, net returns and benefit:cost ratio”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
ZT-B had higher wheat equivalent yield.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- ZT-Be0
- Outcome
- wheat equivalent yield (WEY)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZT-B had higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY)”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
CT-F had the lowest system yield and net returns.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- conventional tillage-flat bed (CT-F)e0
- Outcome
- system yield and net returnse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“system yield and net returns were lowest in conventional tillage-flat bed (CT-F)”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application raised pigeonpea grain yield by 14.32%.
- Taxon
- pigeonpeaCajanus cajane0
- Treatment
- Application of residuee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14.32e0
- Comparator
- no residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of residue gave 14.32 and 34.39 % higher pigeonpea and wheat grain yield, respectively, over the no residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application raised wheat grain yield by 34.39%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Application of residuee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 34.39 %e0
- Comparator
- no residuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of residue gave 14.32 and 34.39 % higher pigeonpea and wheat grain yield, respectively, over the no residue”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined residues increased system productivity, WEY, and sustainable yield index.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pigeonpea+wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
- Outcome
- System productivity, WEY and sustainable yield index (SYI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no residue applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“System productivity, WEY and sustainable yield index (SYI) also increased in combined use of pigeonpea+wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha over no residue application”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage with combined residue improved productivity and sustainability.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Zero tillage with combined application of residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
- Outcome
- productivity and sustainability of the systeme0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zero tillage with combined application of residue @ 3 tonnes/ha improved productivity and sustainability of the system”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined residues returned Rupees 84,500 net.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- Rupees 84,500e0
- Comparator
- sole pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar net returns were gained with pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84,500) and sole pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84 200) application”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole pigeonpea residue returned Rupees 84 200 net.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- sole pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- Rupees 84 200e0
- Comparator
- pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar net returns were gained with pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84,500) and sole pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (Rupees 84 200) application”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole pigeonpea residue had higher net B:C ratio, 2.68 versus 2.55.
- Taxon
- pigeonpea and wheatCajanus cajanTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
- Outcome
- net B:C ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.68e0
- Qualifier
- 2.55e0
- Comparator
- pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“net B:C ratio was higher with pigeonpea residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (2.68) than pigeonpea + wheat residue @ 3 tonnes/ha (2.55) application”
t0“pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)-wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
e1“zero tillage-raised bed (ZT-B), zero tillage-flat bed (ZT-F) and conventional tillage-raised bed (CT-B) influenced pods/plant, spikes/m2 and grains/spike in pigeonpea and wheat crop”
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