Abstract
The use of anti-hail nets on orchards changes the microclimate underneath the net. This might be of great importance in apple growing regions characterized by high radiation levels and hot and dry climates during the summer season. But, depending on the net colour and on the local climatic conditions, the shade promoted triggers different responses by the trees. Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal. Under the nets a lower concentration of glomalin related-soil proteins was observed, along with an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations, as well as an increase in mean fruit weight. The major difference between nets was on the photosynthetic efficiency, being higher on black net in sunny days, while grey net performed better under cloudy conditions. The use of netting systems proved to be effective in improving "Golden Delicious" apple trees performance under a Mediterranean climate, mainly when the radiation reaching the plants surpass the tree saturation point for photosynthesis. Therefore, these findings anticipate solutions for current and forecasted negative effects of climate change.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-hail nets lowered the concentration of glomalin related-soil proteins under the nets in an apple orchard.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- anti-hail netse1
- Outcome
- glomalin related-soil proteinse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Setting
- Northeast Portugale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e2“Under the nets a lower concentration of glomalin related-soil proteins was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-hail nets improved tree water status, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate of apple trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- anti-hail netse1
- Outcome
- water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- improvemente3
- Setting
- Northeast Portugale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e3“an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-hail nets improved total chlorophylls, N and Mg of apple trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- anti-hail netse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylls, N, Mge3
- Direction
- improvemente3
- Setting
- Northeast Portugale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e3“an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-hail nets improved Fe and Cu concentrations of apple trees.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- anti-hail netse1
- Outcome
- Fe and Cu concentrationse3
- Direction
- improvemente3
- Setting
- Northeast Portugale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e3“an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-hail nets increased mean fruit weight of apples.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- anti-hail netse1
- Outcome
- mean fruit weighte4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Setting
- Northeast Portugale1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e4“as well as an increase in mean fruit weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Black nets gave higher photosynthetic efficiency than grey nets on sunny days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- black nete5
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- grey nete6
- Setting
- sunny dayse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e5“The major difference between nets was on the photosynthetic efficiency, being higher on black net in sunny days”
e6“while grey net performed better under cloudy conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Grey nets performed better than black nets for photosynthetic efficiency under cloudy conditions.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Treatment
- grey nete6
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye5
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- black nete5
- Setting
- cloudy conditionse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. 'Golden Delicious') located in Northeast Portugal”
e5“The major difference between nets was on the photosynthetic efficiency, being higher on black net in sunny days”
e6“while grey net performed better under cloudy conditions”
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