Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) insecticide, such as diazinon is found in the environments like water which is still approved for agricultural uses. When diazinon residues enter the human body, it functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This research aims to measure of chlorpyrifos (CPF), diazinon, and malathion residues in fruit such as apple, orange, and tomato after optimizing extraction conditions. Pesticide residues are measured by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Effective variables on pesticide residues are studied including pesticides kind, sampling station, and fruit kind. Results show that average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in orange water are 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1, 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1, respectively. The average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in apple water are 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively. The average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in tomato water are 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1, and 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively. The highest CPF concentration is observed in the orange fruit from station 20. Due to an appropriate storage condition and presenting organic fruits in the supermarket, the least mean concentration of pesticides is obtained in studied fruits from station 2. The manner of washing, peeling, and storage period before consuming fruits lead to decreasing studied pesticides concentration about 15–35, 40–50, and 50–60%, respectively. Increasing the fruit shelf-life led to decreasing studied pesticides concentration. Between pesticide concentration and variables: pesticides kind, sampling station, fruit kind, are not seen meaningful statistic relationship (P > 0.05). This study showed that pesticide residues in fruits can be decreased by washing, refrigerating, peeling procedures and increase in public surveillance.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Orange water contained an average chlorpyrifos concentration of 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in orange water are 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1, 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Orange water contained an average diazinon concentration of 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in orange water are 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1, 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Orange water contained an average malathion concentration of 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in orange water are 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1, 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple water contained an average chlorpyrifos concentration of 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- CPFe0
- Value
- 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in apple water are 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple water contained an average diazinon concentration of 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- diazinone0
- Value
- 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in apple water are 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple water contained an average malathion concentration of 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- malathion residuese0
- Value
- 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in apple water are 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato water contained an average chlorpyrifos concentration of 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Outcome
- CPFe0
- Value
- 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in tomato water are 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1, and 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato water contained an average diazinon concentration of 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- diazinone0
- Value
- 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in tomato water are 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1, and 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato water contained an average malathion concentration of 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- malathion residuese0
- Value
- 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in tomato water are 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1, and 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fruit chlorpyrifos concentration occurred in orange at station 20.
Verbatim
e0“The highest CPF concentration is observed in the orange fruit from station 20”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruits from station 2 had the lowest mean pesticide concentration.
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“the least mean concentration of pesticides is obtained in studied fruits from station 2”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing decreased pesticide concentrations in the studied fruits by about 15–35%.
- Taxon
- Apple, Orange, and Tomatot0
- Treatment
- washinge0
- Outcome
- studied pesticides concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 15–35e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“The manner of washing, peeling, and storage period before consuming fruits lead to decreasing studied pesticides concentration about 15–35, 40–50, and 50–60%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Peeling decreased pesticide concentrations in the studied fruits by about 40–50%.
- Taxon
- Apple, Orange, and Tomatot0
- Treatment
- peelinge0
- Outcome
- studied pesticides concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 40–50e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“The manner of washing, peeling, and storage period before consuming fruits lead to decreasing studied pesticides concentration about 15–35, 40–50, and 50–60%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A longer storage period decreased pesticide concentrations in the studied fruits by about 50–60%.
- Taxon
- Apple, Orange, and Tomatot0
- Treatment
- storage periode0
- Outcome
- studied pesticides concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 50–60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“The manner of washing, peeling, and storage period before consuming fruits lead to decreasing studied pesticides concentration about 15–35, 40–50, and 50–60%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased fruit shelf life was associated with lower pesticide concentrations.
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“Increasing the fruit shelf-life led to decreasing studied pesticides concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide concentration had no statistically meaningful association with pesticide kind, sampling station, or fruit kind.
- Taxon
- Apple, Orange, and Tomatot0
- Outcome
- pesticide concentratione0
- Qualifier
- pesticides kind, sampling station, fruit kinde0
- Setting
- sampling statione0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“Between pesticide concentration and variables: pesticides kind, sampling station, fruit kind, are not seen meaningful statistic relationship (P > 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend washing, refrigeration, peeling, and greater public surveillance to lower fruit pesticide residues.
Verbatim
t0“Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)”
e0“pesticide residues in fruits can be decreased by washing, refrigerating, peeling procedures and increase in public surveillance”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.