Abstract
BACKGROUND: Effects on maize were assessed of dual inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) isolated from other plant species. METHODS: ) and inoculated separately (AMF or DSE) or together (AMF + DSE), to explore their effects on maize growth. RESULTS: Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology. Differences in plant growth were attributable to differences in DSE density, with negative DSE inoculation responsiveness at low density. AMF promoted plant above-ground growth more than DSE and the high density of DSE promoted root development more than AMF. Combined inoculation might lead to synergistic growth effects on maize at low density of DSE and competitive effects at medium and high DSE densities. CONCLUSIONS: AMF and DSE co-colonized maize roots and they had positive effects on the host plants depending on DSE density. These findings indicate the optimum maize growth-promoting combination of AMF and DSE density and provide a foundation for further exploration of potentially synergistic mechanisms between AMF and DSE in physiological and ecological effects on host plants.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased maize above-ground growth and altered root morphology.
- Treatment
- Inoculation with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant above-ground growth and altered root morphologye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-density DSE inoculation increased maize above-ground growth and altered root morphology.
- Treatment
- mediume0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant above-ground growth and altered root morphologye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High-density DSE inoculation increased maize above-ground growth and altered root morphology.
- Treatment
- high densities of DSEe0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant above-ground growth and altered root morphologye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and DSE inoculation increased maize above-ground growth and altered root morphology.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation (AMF + DSE)e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant above-ground growth and altered root morphologye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with AMF or medium and high densities of DSE and combined inoculation (AMF + DSE) increased plant above-ground growth and altered root morphology”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-density DSE inoculation gave a negative maize growth response.
- Treatment
- DSE inoculatione0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- DSE inoculation responsivenesse0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- low densitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative DSE inoculation responsiveness at low density”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF promoted maize above-ground growth more than DSE.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant above-ground growthe0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- DSEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF promoted plant above-ground growth more than DSE”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High-density DSE promoted maize root development more than AMF.
- Treatment
- high density of DSEe0
- Interactor
- DSEe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root developmente0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- AMFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the high density of DSE promoted root development more than AMF”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation might have synergistic maize growth effects at low DSE density.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined inoculation might lead to synergistic growth effects on maize at low density of DSE”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined inoculation might have competitive maize growth effects at medium and high DSE densities.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“competitive effects at medium and high DSE densities”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and DSE co-colonized maize roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF and DSE co-colonized maize roots”
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