Abstract
Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min). Impregnation efficacy was evaluated as impregnation ratio (%) by image analysis, while damages of cell membrane and texture were quantified by electrical impedance spectroscopy and texture analysis, respectively. Combinations of VS and HHP exclusively achieved 100% impregnation. Meanwhile, the damage was comparable between the samples after VS and VS+100 MPa treatment and aggravated by elevated levels of HHP. As for the texture, breaking stress (hardness) decreased after VS and VS+HHP (100-600 MPa) comparably. Meanwhile, breaking strain (deformability) significantly increased after VS+HHP (200-600 MPa), indicating further damage of strain texture as compared with that after VS and VS+100 MPa treatment. It was indicated that impregnation of apple was fully achieved by a combination of VS and 100 MPa treatment, while minimizing the cell membrane and texture damages.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations of vacuum sealing and high hydrostatic pressure achieved 100% impregnation of apple.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Combinations of VS and HHPe1
- Outcome
- impregnatione1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Value
- 100%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e1“Combinations of VS and HHP exclusively achieved 100% impregnation”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage was comparable between apple samples after VS and after VS+100 MPa treatment.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- VS+100 MPa treatmente2
- Outcome
- damagee2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- VSe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e2“the damage was comparable between the samples after VS and VS+100 MPa treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage to apple was aggravated by elevated levels of high hydrostatic pressure.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- elevated levels of HHPe3
- Outcome
- damagee2
- Direction
- aggravatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e2“the damage was comparable between the samples after VS and VS+100 MPa treatment”
e3“aggravated by elevated levels of HHP”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking stress (hardness) of apple decreased comparably after VS and VS+HHP treatments.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- VS and VS+HHP (100-600 MPa)e4
- Outcome
- breaking stress (hardness)e4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e4“breaking stress (hardness) decreased after VS and VS+HHP (100-600 MPa) comparably”
Claim · model-written summary
Breaking strain (deformability) of apple significantly increased after VS+HHP at 200 to 600 MPa compared with VS and VS+100 MPa, indicating further texture damage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- VS+HHP (200-600 MPa)e5
- Outcome
- breaking strain (deformability)e5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- VS and VS+100 MPa treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e5“breaking strain (deformability) significantly increased after VS+HHP (200-600 MPa), indicating further damage of strain texture as compared with that after VS and VS+100 MPa treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Impregnation of apple was fully achieved by vacuum sealing combined with 100 MPa, minimizing cell membrane and texture damage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- a combination of VS and 100 MPa treatmente6
- Outcome
- impregnatione6
- Direction
- fully achievede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple was impregnated with pigment solution by vacuum heat sealing (VS) and/or high hydrostatic pressure treatment (HHP; 100-600 MPa, 25°C, 5 min)”
e6“impregnation of apple was fully achieved by a combination of VS and 100 MPa treatment”
The same questions in other papers
heat · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.