Abstract
Abstract Background Today, stress moderators are employed to mitigate crop loss due to the adverse effects of environmental stress. The current research aimed to investigate the impacts of time and stress moderator types on agro-physiological responses of cotton on conventional and double-cropping systems during 2017 and 2018 under saline conditions. A split-plot factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cultivation system [conventional (recommended planting date) and double-cropping systems (sowing after harvest of wheat)] were considered as the main plots, and stress moderator type at four levels [water control, 2 mmol·L –1 Salicylic acid (SA), 100 mmol·L –1 Glycine betaine (GB), and 100 μmol·L –1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP)] and application time (flowering and flowering + bolling stages) were regarded as subplots. Results Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system. Spraying with the stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on yield, yield components, and biochemical traits of cotton. SNP spraying led to maximum plant height, branch number, the number of bolls per plant, 10-boll weight and seed cotton yield. SA spraying yielded the highest 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, lint percentage and lint yield. The highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying. Yield, yield components, and biochemical traits did not respond to the stress moderator types in double-cropping system. However, the highest chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline content, the number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system. No statistically significant differences were observed between spraying with SNP and SA in most studied traits. Conclusions The results suggest that the optimum cotton planting time and SNP spraying could be recommended for producing the most suitable yield under saline conditions. Highlights External application of stress modulators increases salinity stress tolerance. Spraying with sodium nitroprusside has more moderating effect. Agro-physiological response of cotton to moderators is stronger in early sowing. Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprusside. Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had fewer plant height, reproductive branches and bolls than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bollse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had lower 10-boll weight, 1000-seed weight and biological yield than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yielde1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had lower seed cotton yield and lint yield than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yield, lint yielde1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had lower chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoidse1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had lower total chlorophyll than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-cropping cotton had lower sodium, potassium and proline content than conventional cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- double-cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- sodium, potassium, and proline contente1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Comparator
- conventional systeme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Plant height, reproductive branch number, the number of bolls, 10-boll weight, 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, seed cotton yield, lint yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, sodium, potassium, and proline content were less in double-cropping system comparing with conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on cotton yield, yield components and biochemical traits.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- stress moderatorse1
- Outcome
- yield, yield components, and biochemical traitse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Spraying with the stress moderators alleviated soil salinity effects on yield, yield components, and biochemical traits of cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP spraying gave maximum plant height, branch number and number of bolls per plant.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- plant height, branch number, the number of bolls per plante1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“SNP spraying led to maximum plant height, branch number, the number of bolls per plant, 10-boll weight and seed cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP spraying gave maximum 10-boll weight and seed cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- 10-boll weight and seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“SNP spraying led to maximum plant height, branch number, the number of bolls per plant, 10-boll weight and seed cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spraying gave the highest 1000-seed weight, biological yield and lint percentage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SA sprayinge1
- Outcome
- 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, lint percentagee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“SA spraying yielded the highest 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, lint percentage and lint yield”
Claim · model-written summary
SA spraying gave the highest lint yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SA sprayinge1
- Outcome
- lint yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“SA spraying yielded the highest 1 000-seed weight, biological yield, lint percentage and lint yield”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP spraying gave the highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoidse1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“The highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP spraying gave the highest total chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“The highest chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total chlorophyll content resulted from SNP spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield, yield components and biochemical traits of double-cropping cotton did not respond to the stress moderator types.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- stress moderator typese1
- Outcome
- Yield, yield components, and biochemical traitse1
- Setting
- double-cropping systeme1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Yield, yield components, and biochemical traits did not respond to the stress moderator types in double-cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
In conventional cotton, SNP spraying gave the highest chlorophyll a, carotenoids and proline content.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- conventional systeme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“However, the highest chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline content, the number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
In conventional cotton, SNP spraying gave the highest number of bolls per plant and seed cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNP sprayinge1
- Outcome
- the number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- conventional systeme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“However, the highest chlorophyll a, carotenoids, proline content, the number of bolls per plant, and seed cotton yield resulted from SNP spraying in conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP and SA spraying did not differ significantly in most studied traits.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- spraying with SNPe1
- Outcome
- most studied traitse1
- Comparator
- SAe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“No statistically significant differences were observed between spraying with SNP and SA in most studied traits”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend optimum cotton planting time combined with SNP spraying for the most suitable yield under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- optimum cotton planting time and SNP sprayinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“The results suggest that the optimum cotton planting time and SNP spraying could be recommended for producing the most suitable yield under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Delayed cultivatione1
- Outcome
- cotton yielde1
- Direction
- reducese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Delayed cultivation reduces cotton yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing with SNP spraying.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprussidee1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“yield and yield components of cotton”
e1“Maximum seed cotton yield was achieved at early sowing and spraying sodium nitroprusside”
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