Abstract
Background: Foliar pathogen infection can induce the enrichment of beneficial microbial consortia in plant rhizosphere, but the mechanism for enhanced plant resistance is unclear. Methods: We investigated the effects of foliar pathogen infection on bacterial communities in maize rhizosphere using high throughput sequencing. Results: Maize plants grown in non-sterilized soils displayed stronger defense against the foliar pathogen Setosphaeria turcica than those in sterilized soils. Foliar pathogen infection further triggered the shift in the structure and composition of rhizosphere bacterial communities. The pathogen-infected plants specially promoted rhizosphere colonization of several bacterial taxa. The Pseudomonas genus increased in the rhizosphere after pathogen infection. Other bacterial genera such as Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium were also greatly enriched in the rhizosphere of pathogen-infected plants. Furthermore, the enriched bacterial species were isolated and were shown to interact synergistically to promote biofilm formation. Although both the Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium species did not induce plant defense, the Pseudomonas species markedly increased the resistance of plants against S. turcica. Furthermore, the consortium consisting of the Pseudomonas, Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium species (CONpcf) conferred long-acting disease resistance of maize plants as compared to the individual Pseudomonas species. Furthermore, the inoculation with the CONpcf significantly induced a marked increase in the levels of DIMBOA in maize leaves, indicating that the consortium-induced increases of DIMBOA levels partially contributed to enhancing disease resistance of plants. Conclusions: Foliar infection of maize plants by S. turcica specifically recruited a group of beneficial rhizosphere bacteria, which conferred enhanced plant defense against pathogen infection. This study provided important evidence that above-ground pathogen infection participated in the mediation of below-ground microbiome for regulating plant defense systems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Maize in non-sterilized soil showed stronger defense against Setosphaeria turcica than in sterilized soil.
- Treatment
- non‐sterilized soilse0
- Interactor
- Setosphaeria turcica
Exserohilum turcicume0pathogen - Outcome
- defense against the foliar pathogen Setosphaeria turcicae0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- sterilized soilse0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize plants grown in non‐sterilized soils displayed stronger defense against the foliar pathogen Setosphaeria turcica than those in sterilized soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar pathogen infection shifted rhizosphere bacterial community structure and composition.
- Treatment
- Foliar pathogen infectione0
- Outcome
- structure and composition of rhizosphere bacterial communitiese0
- Direction
- shifte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar pathogen infection further triggered the shift in the structure and composition of rhizosphere bacterial communities”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen infection promoted rhizosphere colonization by several bacterial taxa.
- Treatment
- pathogen‐infectede0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere colonization of several bacterial taxae0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pathogen‐infected plants specially promoted rhizosphere colonization of several bacterial taxa”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas abundance increased in the maize rhizosphere after pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0 - Treatment
- pathogen infectione0
- Outcome
- Pseudomonas genuse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Pseudomonas genus increased in the rhizosphere after pathogen infection”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinophaga was enriched in the rhizosphere of infected maize.
- Taxon
- ChitinophagaChitinophagae0
- Treatment
- pathogen‐infectede0
- Outcome
- Chitinophagae0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium were also greatly enriched in the rhizosphere of pathogen‐infected plants”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavobacterium was enriched in the rhizosphere of infected maize.
- Taxon
- FlavobacteriumFlavobacteriume0
- Treatment
- pathogen‐infectede0
- Outcome
- Flavobacteriume0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium were also greatly enriched in the rhizosphere of pathogen‐infected plants”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
The enriched bacterial species interacted synergistically to promote biofilm formation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the enriched bacterial species were isolated and were shown to interact synergistically to promote biofilm formation”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinophaga did not induce maize defense.
- Treatment
- Chitinophagae0
- Interactor
- ChitinophagaChitinophagae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant defensee0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium species did not induce plant defense”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavobacterium did not induce maize defense.
- Treatment
- Flavobacteriume0
- Interactor
- FlavobacteriumFlavobacteriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant defensee0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both the Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium species did not induce plant defense”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas markedly increased plant resistance to S. turcica.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas speciese0
- Interactor
- S. turcicaExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas speciesPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- resistance of plants against S. turcicae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Pseudomonas species markedly increased the resistance of plants against S. turcica”
e1“maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
The three-genus consortium conferred longer-lasting maize disease resistance than Pseudomonas alone.
- Treatment
- CONpcfe0
- Interactor
- PseudomonasPseudomonase0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- long‐actinge0
- Qualifier
- Chitinophaga and Flavobacteriume0
- Comparator
- individual Pseudomonas speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consortium consisting of the Pseudomonas, Chitinophaga and Flavobacterium species (CONpcf) conferred long‐acting disease resistance of maize plants as compared to the individual Pseudomonas species”
Claim · model-written summary
CONpcf inoculation significantly increased DIMBOA levels in maize leaves.
- Organ / stage
- maize leavese0
- Treatment
- inoculation with the CONpcfe0
- Interactor
- CONpcfe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- levels of DIMBOAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with the CONpcf significantly induced a marked increase in the levels of DIMBOA in maize leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that increased DIMBOA partly contributes to consortium-enhanced disease resistance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consortium‐induced increases of DIMBOA levels partially contributed to enhancing disease resistance of plants”
e1“maize leaves”
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116 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 129 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.