Abstract
Low seed and meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding soybean [ Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivars is a major concern but there is limited information on effective cultural practices to address this issue. In the objective of dealing with this problem, this study conducted field experiments in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the response of seed and meal protein concentrations to the interactive effects of late-season inputs [control, a liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3, and 202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5], previous cover crop (fallow or cereal cover crop with residue removed), and short- and full-season maturity group cultivars at three U.S. locations (Fayetteville, Arkansas; Lexington, Kentucky; and St. Paul, Minnesota). The results showed that cover crops had a negative effect on yield in two out of six site-years and decreased seed protein concentration by 8.2 mg g −1 on average in Minnesota. Inoculant applications at R3 did not affect seed protein concentration or yield. The applications of N fertilizer after R5 increased seed protein concentration by 6 to 15 mg g −1 , and increased yield in Arkansas by 13% and in Minnesota by 11% relative to the unfertilized control. This study showed that late-season N applications can be an effective cultural practice to increase soybean meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars above the minimum threshold required by the industry. New research is necessary to investigate sustainable management practices that increase N availability to soybeans late in the season.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops had a negative effect on soybean yield in two of six site-years.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- cover crope2
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- negative effecte1
- Qualifier
- two out of six site-yearse1
- Comparator
- fallowe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e1“cover crops had a negative effect on yield in two out of six site-years”
e2“previous cover crop (fallow or cereal cover crop with residue removed)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops decreased seed protein concentration by 8.2 mg g−1 on average in Minnesota.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- cover crope2
- Outcome
- seed protein concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 8.2 mg g −1e1
- Comparator
- fallowe2
- Setting
- Minnesotae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e1“decreased seed protein concentration by 8.2 mg g −1 on average in Minnesota”
e2“previous cover crop (fallow or cereal cover crop with residue removed)”
Claim · model-written summary
A liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3 did not affect soybean seed protein concentration or yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3e3
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicume3symbiont - Outcome
- seed protein concentration or yielde4
- Direction
- did not affecte4
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e3“[control, a liquid Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation at R3”
e4“Inoculant applications at R3 did not affect seed protein concentration or yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer applied after R5 increased soybean seed protein concentration by 6 to 15 mg g−1.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5e6
- Outcome
- seed protein concentratione5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 6 to 15 mg g −1e5
- Comparator
- unfertilized controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e5“increased seed protein concentration by 6 to 15 mg g −1”
e6“202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5”
e7“relative to the unfertilized control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer applied after R5 increased soybean yield in Arkansas by 13% relative to the unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5e6
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 13%e4
- Comparator
- unfertilized controle7
- Setting
- Arkansase4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e4“increased yield in Arkansas by 13% and in Minnesota by 11%”
e6“202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5”
e7“relative to the unfertilized control”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer applied after R5 increased soybean yield in Minnesota by 11% relative to the unfertilized control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5e6
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 11%e4
- Comparator
- unfertilized controle7
- Setting
- Minnesotae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Late-Season Nitrogen Applications Increase Soybean Yield and Seed Protein Concentration”
e4“increased yield in Arkansas by 13% and in Minnesota by 11%”
e6“202 kg ha −1 nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied after R5”
e7“relative to the unfertilized control”
Claim · model-written summary
Late-season N applications are an effective practice to raise soybean meal protein concentration above the industry minimum threshold in modern high-yielding cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- late-season N applicationse0
- Outcome
- meal protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- above the minimum threshold required by the industrye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late-season N applications can be an effective cultural practice to increase soybean meal protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars above the minimum threshold required by the industry”
The same questions in other papers
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.