Abstract
Due to their beneficial, stimulating impact on plant growth, productivity, and alleviating environmental stresses, protein hydrolysates have recently received increasing attention as a possible substitute. This investigation aimed to explore the effects of foliar application of papain-produced whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on the yield attributes and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of soft wheat. Wheat plants were cultivated under a Mediterranean arid environment and received four soil nitrogen (N) fertilization levels with ammonium nitrate (145, 185, 215, and 250 kg N ha−1) and compared to control treatment and urea foliar application. WPH increased grain yield, yield attributes, and N accumulation in wheat plants. Partial productivity factors of applied nitrogen, as NUE indicators under relatively steady-state cropping systems, were also enhanced by WPH compared to control treatment. WPH significantly improved flag leaf area, spike number m−2, and grain yield compared to urea foliar application. Increasing the soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1 was accompanied by significant increases in all yield traits and N accumulation measurements, except for the partial factor productivity of applied N, which decreased. A strong positive association was detected among grain and straw yields, their attributes, and total N uptake. Results highlighted the efficacy of WPH in increasing wheat yield and NUE.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
WPH increased wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH increased grain yield, yield attributes, and N accumulation in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH increased yield attributes in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- yield attributese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH increased grain yield, yield attributes, and N accumulation in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH increased nitrogen accumulation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- N accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH increased grain yield, yield attributes, and N accumulation in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH improved partial productivity factors of applied nitrogen versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- Partial productivity factors of applied nitrogene0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Partial productivity factors of applied nitrogen, as NUE indicators under relatively steady-state cropping systems, were also enhanced by WPH compared to control treatment”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH significantly improved flag leaf area versus urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- flag leaf areae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- urea foliar applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH significantly improved flag leaf area, spike number m−2, and grain yield compared to urea foliar application”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH significantly improved spike number versus urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- spike number m−2e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- urea foliar applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH significantly improved flag leaf area, spike number m−2, and grain yield compared to urea foliar application”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WPH significantly improved grain yield versus urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- WPHe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- urea foliar applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WPH significantly improved flag leaf area, spike number m−2, and grain yield compared to urea foliar application”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilization from 145 to 215 kg N ha−1 increased yield traits.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- all yield traitse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- 145e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1 was accompanied by significant increases in all yield traits and N accumulation measurements, except for the partial factor productivity of applied N, which decreased”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilization increased nitrogen accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- N accumulation measurementse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- 145e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1 was accompanied by significant increases in all yield traits and N accumulation measurements, except for the partial factor productivity of applied N, which decreased”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilization decreased partial factor productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity of applied Ne0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- 145e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the soil N fertilization level from 145 up to 215 kg N ha−1 was accompanied by significant increases in all yield traits and N accumulation measurements, except for the partial factor productivity of applied N, which decreased”
e1“soft wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain and straw yields, yield attributes, and nitrogen uptake were positively associated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A strong positive association was detected among grain and straw yields, their attributes, and total N uptake”
e1“soft wheat”
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