Abstract
High Pressure Processing (HPP) is a widely commercialized non-thermal batch processing technique in the food industry, that is aimed at improving the shelf-life and quality of foods through microbial and enzyme inactivation. Beyond this traditional application of HPP in foods, some researchers have explored its application to infuse nutrients (sugar, salt, etc.) and micronutrients (calcium, zinc, iron, anthocyanins, etc.) into food matrices with an aim to improve the textural and / or nutritional properties of those foods. The research reported in this dissertation explored whether HPP can infuse significant amounts of calcium in fruits and vegetables. If so, can we develop a mathematical model to quantify the effect of microstructure of the foods and pressure on the infused amount?Calcium lactate gluconate (CLG) was used as the infusing medium. All high pressure experiments were performed in the 10 L HPP vessel at Rutgers. Baby carrots were pre-treated with pectin methylesterase (PME) to enhance the infusion of calcium. Among pressure, time, and CLG solution concentration, CLG concentration was the most important parameter, followed by pressure, that affected the extent of calcium infusion in baby carrots, with increasing concentration leading to increased infusion. Processing the PME-pretreated baby carrots at 350 MPa for 15 min, using 9% CLG solution led to highest amount of calcium infusion (134 mg/85 g serving) in the baby carrots, which was >10 % of the daily requirement of calcium for average adults. HPP infusion experiments were performed using baby carrots, celery, and mango – root, stem, and fruit, respectively. It was found that the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery were mainly responsible for the uptake of the infusate solution during HPP assisted infusion. In order to quantify the effect of microstructure of different food matrices, a protocol to stain and visualize the fruit and vegetable tissue under a light microscope was developed and the distributions of cell diameters (CDs) and cell wall thicknesses (CWT) were obtained. No statistical differences were observed in the CWT values across the different food matrices; however, the CD values were significantly different, within and across each system. It was observed that higher cell diameter in mango (76 ± 8 μm) led to highest infusion (111.02 ±14.03 mg/100 g fruit), followed by celery and baby carrots. Tagging the calcium with a fluorescent dye (Fluo-8) showed the infused calcium concentrated around the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery, while it was evenly distributed throughout the tissue in mangoes. To develop a mathematical model for infusion of calcium, experiments were performed using pre-permeabilized food matrices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and response surface analysis (RSA) showed that the microstructure of these foods was the primary factor in governing cell permeabilization and consequently the calcium infusion. A new effective microstructure term was defined such that it encompassed the effects of cell diameter and transport tubes which is a unique aspect of this study.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing CLG concentration increased calcium infusion in baby carrots; concentration was the most important parameter, followed by pressure.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Among pressure, time, and CLG solution concentration, CLG concentration was the most important parameter, followed by pressure, that affected the extent of calcium infusion in baby carrots, with increasing concentration leading to increased infusion.”
Claim · model-written summary
PME-pretreated baby carrots processed at 350 MPa for 15 min with 9% CLG had the highest calcium infusion, 134 mg/85 g serving, exceeding 10% of the adult daily requirement.
- Taxon
- baby carrotse0
- Treatment
- 350 MPa for 15 min, using 9% CLG solutione0
- Outcome
- calcium infusione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 134 mg/85 g servinge0
- Qualifier
- >10 % of the daily requirement of calcium for average adultse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Processing the PME-pretreated baby carrots at 350 MPa for 15 min, using 9% CLG solution led to highest amount of calcium infusion (134 mg/85 g serving) in the baby carrots, which was >10 % of the daily requirement of calcium for average adults.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transport tubes mainly accounted for infusate uptake in baby carrots during HPP infusion.
Verbatim
e0“the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery were mainly responsible for the uptake of the infusate solution during HPP assisted infusion”
Claim · model-written summary
Transport tubes mainly accounted for infusate uptake in celery during HPP infusion.
- Taxon
- celery
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=60)
Apium graveolens Dulce Groupe0 - Organ / stage
- transport tubese0
- Treatment
- HPP assisted infusione0
- Outcome
- uptake of the infusate solutione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
%2C_Elswick%2C_Northumberland_4.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery were mainly responsible for the uptake of the infusate solution during HPP assisted infusion”
Claim · model-written summary
A microscopy staining protocol provided cell diameter and cell wall thickness distributions in fruit and vegetable tissues.
- Taxon
- fruit and vegetablee0
- Outcome
- distributions of cell diameters (CDs) and cell wall thicknesses (CWT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“a protocol to stain and visualize the fruit and vegetable tissue under a light microscope was developed and the distributions of cell diameters (CDs) and cell wall thicknesses (CWT) were obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall thickness did not differ statistically across the food matrices.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“No statistical differences were observed in the CWT values across the different food matrices”
e1“HPP infusion experiments were performed using baby carrots, celery, and mango – root, stem, and fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell diameters differed significantly within and across the food systems.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the CD values were significantly different, within and across each system”
e1“HPP infusion experiments were performed using baby carrots, celery, and mango – root, stem, and fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mango's higher cell diameter of 76 ± 8 μm was linked to the highest infusion, 111.02 ±14.03 mg/100 g fruit, followed by celery and baby carrots.
- Taxon
- mango
_from_India.jpg?width=60)
Mangifera indicae0 - Organ / stage
- celle0
- Outcome
- infusione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 111.02 ±14.03 mg/100 g fruite0
- Qualifier
- 76 ± 8 μme0
- Comparator
- celery and baby carrotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“higher cell diameter in mango (76 ± 8 μm) led to highest infusion (111.02 ±14.03 mg/100 g fruit), followed by celery and baby carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Infused calcium concentrated around transport tubes in baby carrots.
Verbatim
e0“the infused calcium concentrated around the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery”
Claim · model-written summary
Infused calcium concentrated around transport tubes in celery.
- Taxon
- celeryApium graveolens Dulce Groupe0
- Outcome
- infused calcium concentrated around the transport tubese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the infused calcium concentrated around the transport tubes in baby carrots and celery”
Claim · model-written summary
Infused calcium was evenly distributed in mango tissue.
- Taxon
- mangoesMangifera indicae0
- Outcome
- evenly distributed throughout the tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while it was evenly distributed throughout the tissue in mangoes”
e1“Tagging the calcium with a fluorescent dye (Fluo-8) showed the infused calcium”
Claim · model-written summary
Microstructure was the primary factor governing cell permeabilization and consequent calcium infusion.
Verbatim
e0“the microstructure of these foods was the primary factor in governing cell permeabilization and consequently the calcium infusion”
e1“HPP infusion experiments were performed using baby carrots, celery, and mango – root, stem, and fruit, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
A new effective microstructure term encompasses cell diameter and transport tube effects.
- Outcome
- effective microstructure terme0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“A new effective microstructure term was defined such that it encompassed the effects of cell diameter and transport tubes which is a unique aspect of this study.”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Daucus carota (carrot)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.