Abstract
Root-knot nematode (RKN) is a serious threat to crops worldwide due to the difficulty in controlling it and the limited eco-friendly alternatives to deal with the biotic stress it causes. In the present work, water-extractable fractions obtained from vermicompost (WSFv), vermicompost enriched with Trichoderma asperellum (WSFta) and T. virens (WSFtv) were tested as biotechnological tools to reduce the impacts of RKN on gas exchange, water use efficiency (WUE) and nutrient concentration in tomato and bell pepper plants. The plants were infected with 5000 eggs and eventual J2 of RKN and then treated with the water-extractable fractions for seven weeks. It was observed that the addition of WSFta, WSFtv and WSFv increased the CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and WUE in the tomato plants. In the bell pepper plants, WSFta, WSFtv, WSFv increased the stomatal conductance, while WUE was higher in the treatment with WSFtv. In fact, the parameters associated with the gas exchange were usually higher in the bell pepper than in the tomato plants. Overall, higher contents of N, Mg, B and Mn were detected when the extracts were applied in both bell pepper and tomato plants. The application of the water-extractable fractions, inoculated or not with Trichoderma, attenuates the RKN damage on the gas exchange parameters and successfully enhanced the nutrient concentration in the infected tomato and bell pepper plants, showing that it could be an important and promising tool for reducing the damage caused by this pathogen. We suggest that both the tomato and pepper plants can cope with the dilemma between growth and stress response via stomata regulation that are modulated by the WSF and Trichoderma.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Water-extractable vermicompost fractions with Trichoderma increased CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and WUE in tomato
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- addition of WSFta, WSFtv and WSFve1
- Outcome
- CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and WUEe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“It was observed that the addition of WSFta, WSFtv and WSFv increased the CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance and WUE in the tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
WSFta, WSFtv and WSFv increased stomatal conductance in bell pepper
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“In the bell pepper plants, WSFta, WSFtv, WSFv increased the stomatal conductance, while WUE was higher in the treatment with WSFtv”
Claim · model-written summary
WUE was higher in bell pepper treated with WSFtv
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“In the bell pepper plants, WSFta, WSFtv, WSFv increased the stomatal conductance, while WUE was higher in the treatment with WSFtv”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas exchange parameters were usually higher in bell pepper than in tomato plants
Verbatim
e4“In fact, the parameters associated with the gas exchange were usually higher in the bell pepper than in the tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Contents of N, Mg, B and Mn were higher in bell pepper and tomato plants when the extracts were applied
- Taxon
- bell pepper and tomato plantse5
- Treatment
- the extractse5
- Outcome
- contents of N, Mg, B and Mne5
- Direction
- highere5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Overall, higher contents of N, Mg, B and Mn were detected when the extracts were applied in both bell pepper and tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-extractable fractions, inoculated or not with Trichoderma, attenuated RKN damage on gas exchange in infected tomato and bell pepper
- Taxon
- tomato and bell pepper plantse7
- Treatment
- water-extractable fractions, inoculated or not with Trichodermae6
- Interactor
- RKNe6pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae6biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- RKN damage on the gas exchange parameterse6
- Direction
- attenuatese6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The application of the water-extractable fractions, inoculated or not with Trichoderma, attenuates the RKN damage on the gas exchange parameters”
e7“infected tomato and bell pepper plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that tomato and pepper plants cope with the growth and stress dilemma via stomatal regulation modulated by WSF and Trichoderma
Verbatim
e1“We suggest that both the tomato and pepper plants can cope with the dilemma between growth and stress response via stomata regulation that are modulated by the WSF and Trichoderma”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend the water-extractable vermicompost fractions as a promising tool for reducing damage caused by the pathogen in tomato and bell pepper
Verbatim
e7“infected tomato and bell pepper plants”
e2“showing that it could be an important and promising tool for reducing the damage caused by this pathogen”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.