Abstract
Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits are regarded as waste and discarded in the citrus orchard but are a good source of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, antioxidants and total phenols. A study was undertaken to identify and quantify these bioactive compounds and to investigate the influence of different drying techniques, namely freeze drying and hot air oven drying, on flavonoids namely flavanone glycosides, antioxidant potential and total phenol content in immature dropped fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco. Flavonoids were quantified in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity were investigated with three assays azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid]) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and total phenol content was determined. Freeze dried samples of 12 and 14 mm size retained maximum hesperidin flavonoid content (27.03% and 27.20%) as compared to the hot air dried samples (17.99%) and retained higher phenolic content ranged from 50.54–54.19 mg GAEL−1. The antioxidant activity in freeze dried fruits was from 12.21–13.55 mM L−1 Trolox and 15.27–16.72 mM L−1 Trolox with ABTS, DPPH assay and FRAP values ranging from 7.31–9.07 mM L−1 Trolox. Significant positive correlation was found between the flavonoid hesperidin with antioxidant assays and total phenolic content (TPC). The results showed that waste citrus fruits can act as potential source of bioflavonoids, especially hesperidin, and antioxidants for pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical industry.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried 12 and 14 mm fruit samples retained maximum hesperidin content (27.03% and 27.20%) compared with hot-air-dried samples (17.99%).
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata Blanco
.jpg?width=60)
Citrus reticulatae0 - Treatment
- freeze dryinge2
- Outcome
- hesperidin flavonoid contente1
- Direction
- retained maximume1
- Value
- 27.03% and 27.20%e1
- Comparator
- hot air dried samplese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits”
e1“Freeze dried samples of 12 and 14 mm size retained maximum hesperidin flavonoid content (27.03% and 27.20%) as compared to the hot air dried samples (17.99%)”
e2“namely freeze drying and hot air oven drying”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried fruits retained higher phenolic content, 50.54–54.19 mg GAEL−1.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata BlancoCitrus reticulatae0
- Outcome
- phenolic contente3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 50.54–54.19 mg GAEL−1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits”
e3“retained higher phenolic content ranged from 50.54–54.19 mg GAEL−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried fruit antioxidant activity was 12.21–13.55 and 15.27–16.72 mM L−1 Trolox with the ABTS and DPPH assays.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata BlancoCitrus reticulatae0
- Treatment
- freeze driede4
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye4
- Value
- 12.21–13.55 mM L−1 Trolox and 15.27–16.72 mM L−1 Troloxe4
- Qualifier
- with ABTS, DPPH assaye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits”
e4“The antioxidant activity in freeze dried fruits was from 12.21–13.55 mM L−1 Trolox and 15.27–16.72 mM L−1 Trolox with ABTS, DPPH assay”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried fruit FRAP values were 7.31–9.07 mM L−1 Trolox.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata BlancoCitrus reticulatae0
- Outcome
- FRAP valuese5
- Value
- 7.31–9.07 mM L−1 Troloxe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits”
e5“FRAP values ranging from 7.31–9.07 mM L−1 Trolox”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperidin correlated positively and significantly with the antioxidant assays and total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata BlancoCitrus reticulatae0
- Compound
- hesperidine6
- Outcome
- antioxidant assays and total phenolic content (TPC)e6
- Direction
- positivee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiologically dropped immature Citrus reticulata Blanco fruits”
e6“Significant positive correlation was found between the flavonoid hesperidin with antioxidant assays and total phenolic content (TPC)”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.