Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is considered to be the most harmful abiotic stress in acidic soils that today comprise more than 50% of the world’s arable lands. Barley belongs to a group of crops that are most sensitive to Al in low pH soils. We present the RNA-seq analysis of root meristems of barley seedlings grown in hydroponics at optimal pH (6.0), low pH (4.0), and low pH with Al (10 μM of bioavailable Al 3+ ions). Two independent experiments were conducted: with short-term (24 h) and long-term (7 days) Al treatment. In the short-term experiment, more genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) between root meristems grown at pH = 6.0 and pH = 4.0, than between those grown at pH = 4.0 with and without Al treatment. The genes upregulated by low pH were associated mainly with response to oxidative stress, cell wall organization, and iron ion binding. Among genes upregulated by Al, overrepresented were those related to response to stress condition and calcium ion binding. In the long-term experiment, the number of DEGs between hydroponics at pH = 4.0 and 6.0 were lower than in the short-term experiment, which suggests that plants partially adapted to the low pH. Interestingly, 7 days Al treatment caused massive changes in the transcriptome profile. Over 4,000 genes were upregulated and almost 2,000 genes were downregulated by long-term Al stress. These DEGs were related to stress response, cell wall development and metal ion transport. Based on our results we can assume that both, Al 3+ ions and low pH are harmful to barley plants. Additionally, we phenotyped the root system of barley seedlings grown in the same hydroponic conditions for 7 days at pH = 6.0, pH = 4.0, and pH = 4.0 with Al. The results correspond to transcriptomic data and show that low pH itself is a stress factor that causes a significant reduction of root growth and the addition of aluminum further increases this reduction. It should be noted that in acidic arable lands, plants are exposed simultaneously to both of these stresses. The presented transcriptome analysis may help to find potential targets for breeding barley plants that are more tolerant to such conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term low pH yielded more root meristem DEGs than adding aluminum at low pH.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Organ / stage
- root meristemse0
- Outcome
- genes were differentially expressed (DEGs)e0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“more genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) between root meristems grown at pH = 6.0 and pH = 4.0, than between those grown at pH = 4.0 with and without Al treatment”
e1“root meristems of barley seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Low pH upregulated genes associated with oxidative stress, cell wall organization and iron binding.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- low pHe0
- Outcome
- genes upregulated by low pHe0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The genes upregulated by low pH were associated mainly with response to oxidative stress, cell wall organization, and iron ion binding”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum upregulated genes overrepresented in stress response and calcium binding.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- genes upregulated by Ale0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among genes upregulated by Al, overrepresented were those related to response to stress condition and calcium ion binding”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term low pH yielded fewer DEGs than short-term low pH.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- number of DEGse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- short-term experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the long-term experiment, the number of DEGs between hydroponics at pH = 4.0 and 6.0 were lower than in the short-term experiment”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven-day aluminum treatment caused massive transcriptome changes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- 7 days Al treatmente0
- Outcome
- transcriptome profilee0
- Direction
- massive changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7 days Al treatment caused massive changes in the transcriptome profile”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term aluminum stress upregulated over 4,000 genes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- long-term Al stresse0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Value
- Over 4,000 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over 4,000 genes were upregulated and almost 2,000 genes were downregulated by long-term Al stress”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term aluminum stress downregulated almost 2,000 genes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- long-term Al stresse0
- Outcome
- genese0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
- Value
- almost 2,000 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“almost 2,000 genes were downregulated by long-term Al stress”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
The aluminum-responsive DEGs related to stress response, cell wall development and metal ion transport.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- DEGs were related to stress response, cell wall development and metal ion transporte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These DEGs were related to stress response, cell wall development and metal ion transport”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Low pH significantly reduced barley root growth.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- low pHe0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low pH itself is a stress factor that causes a significant reduction of root growth”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding aluminum further reduced barley root growth.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- addition of aluminume0
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- increases this reductione0
- Comparator
- low pHe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of aluminum further increases this reduction”
e1“low pH itself is a stress factor that causes a significant reduction of root growth”
t0“Enemy of Barley?”
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