Abstract
Glucosylation modulates the biological activity of small molecules and frequently leads to their inactivation. The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is involved in conjugating the stress hormone salicylic acid (SA) as well as isoleucic acid (ILA). Here, we show that UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), which is synthesized by FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1) and activates systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester, whereupon only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway. The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside, and recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA. The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status. Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance. Moreover, overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR. Our results further indicate that NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub. Thereby, UGT76B1-mediated glucosylation controls the levels of active NHP, SA, and ILA in concert to balance the plant immune status.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
UGT76B1 glucosylates NHP.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Outcome
- glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UGT76B1 also glucosylates N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP)”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen attacked leaves generated NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose estere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon pathogen attack, Arabidopsis leaves generate two distinct NHP hexose conjugates, NHP-O-β-glucoside and NHP glucose ester”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
NHP-O-β-glucoside formation required a functional SA pathway.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- NHP-O-β-glucoside formatione0
- Qualifier
- functional SA pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only NHP-O-β-glucoside formation requires a functional SA pathway”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
ugt76b1 mutants failed to generate NHP-O-β-glucoside.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1 mutantse0
- Outcome
- fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucosidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ugt76b1 mutants specifically fail to generate the NHP-O-β-glucoside”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant UGT76B1 synthesized NHP-O-β-glucoside in competition with SA and ILA.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Compound
- SA and ILAe0
- Outcome
- synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucosidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recombinant UGT76B1 synthesizes NHP-O-β-glucoside in vitro in competition with SA and ILA”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of UGT76B1 elevated NHP, SA and ILA levels.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- loss of UGT76B1e0
- Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Outcome
- endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILAe0
- Direction
- elevatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of UGT76B1 established constitutive SAR-like immunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- loss of UGT76B1e0
- Outcome
- constitutive SAR-like immune statuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The loss of UGT76B1 elevates the endogenous levels of NHP, SA, and ILA and establishes a constitutive SAR-like immune status”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
fmo1 introgression abolished SAR-like resistance in ugt76b1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1e0
- Treatment
- Introgression of the fmo1 mutante0
- Outcome
- SAR-like resistancee0
- Direction
- abolishese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Introgression of the fmo1 mutant lacking NHP biosynthesis into the ugt76b1 background abolishes this SAR-like resistance”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
UGT76B1 overexpression shifted NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- overexpression of UGT76B1e0
- Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Outcome
- NHP and SA poolse0
- Direction
- shiftse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
UGT76B1 overexpression abrogated pathogen induced SAR.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- overexpression of UGT76B1e0
- Outcome
- pathogen-induced SARe0
- Direction
- abrogatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overexpression of UGT76B1 in Arabidopsis shifts the NHP and SA pools toward O-β-glucoside formation and abrogates pathogen-induced SAR”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
Claim · model-written summary
NHP-triggered immunity depended on SA and UGT76B1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- NHP-triggered immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NHP-triggered immunity is SA-dependent and relies on UGT76B1 as a common metabolic hub”
e1“The Arabidopsis thaliana glucosyltransferase UGT76B1”
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