Abstract
The tradeoff between growth and defense is a critical aspect of plant immunity. Therefore, the plant immune response needs to be tightly regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone regulating defense against biotrophic pathogens. Recently, N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid (NHP) was identified as another regulator for plant innate immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Although the biosynthetic pathway leading to NHP formation is already been identified, how NHP is further metabolized is unclear. Here, we present UGT76B1 as a uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) that modifies NHP by catalyzing the formation of 1-O-glucosyl-pipecolic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of T-DNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) knock-out mutant lines of UGT76B1 by targeted and nontargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) underlined NHP and SA as endogenous substrates of this enzyme in response to Pseudomonas infection and UV treatment. ugt76b1 mutant plants have a dwarf phenotype and constitutive defense response which can be suppressed by loss of function of the NHP biosynthetic enzyme FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1). This suggests that elevated accumulation of NHP contributes to the enhanced disease resistance in ugt76b1. Externally applied NHP can move to distal tissue in ugt76b1 mutant plants. Although glycosylation is not required for the long-distance movement of NHP during SAR, it is crucial to balance growth and defense.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
UGT76B1 glycosylates NHP to form 1-O-glucosyl-pipecolic acid in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Gene
- UGT76B1e0
- Compound
- NHPe0
- Outcome
- formation of 1-O-glucosyl-pipecolic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“UGT76B1 as a uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) that modifies NHP by catalyzing the formation of 1-O-glucosyl-pipecolic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NHP and SA were identified as endogenous UGT76B1 substrates after Pseudomonas infection and UV treatment.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase0pathogen - Gene
- UGT76B1e1
- Outcome
- NHP and SA as endogenous substratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NHP and SA as endogenous substrates of this enzyme in response to Pseudomonas infection and UV treatment”
e1“UGT76B1 as a uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase”
e2“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ugt76b1 mutants had a dwarf phenotype.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1 mutant plantse0
- Outcome
- dwarf phenotypee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ugt76b1 mutant plants have a dwarf phenotype”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
ugt76b1 mutants had a constitutive defense response.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1 mutant plantse0
- Outcome
- constitutive defense responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ugt76b1 mutant plants have a dwarf phenotype and constitutive defense response”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of FMO1 function suppressed the ugt76b1 dwarf and defense phenotypes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Treatment
- loss of functione0
- Gene
- FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1)e0
- Outcome
- dwarf phenotype and constitutive defense responsee1
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which can be suppressed by loss of function of the NHP biosynthetic enzyme FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1 (FMO1)”
e1“ugt76b1 mutant plants have a dwarf phenotype and constitutive defense response”
e2“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated NHP accumulation is proposed to contribute to enhanced resistance in ugt76b1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1e0
- Compound
- NHPe0
- Outcome
- enhanced disease resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated accumulation of NHP contributes to the enhanced disease resistance in ugt76b1”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Externally applied NHP moved to distal tissue in ugt76b1 mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- ugt76b1 mutant plantse0
- Outcome
- NHP can move to distal tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Externally applied NHP can move to distal tissue in ugt76b1 mutant plants”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NHP glycosylation was not required for long-distance movement during systemic acquired resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- long-distance movement of NHP during SARe0
- Qualifier
- glycosylatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glycosylation is not required for the long-distance movement of NHP during SAR”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NHP glycosylation was crucial to balance growth and defense.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Outcome
- balance growth and defensee0
- Qualifier
- glycosylatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glycosylation is not required for the long-distance movement of NHP during SAR, it is crucial to balance growth and defense”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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