Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Clariodeoglomus etunicatum, on leaf food quality and relevant gene expression levels of tea (Camellia sinensis cv. ‘Fuding Dabaicha’) seedlings exposed to 0.5 μM P (P0.5) and 50 μM P (P50) levels. Twenty-four weeks later, the seedlings recorded higher root mycorrhizal fungal colonization in P50 than in P0.5. AMF-inoculated tea plants represented significantly higher leaf fructose and glucose contents and lower sucrose content than non-inoculated plants, irrespective of substate P levels. AMF treatment also increased total amino acids content in P0.5 and P50, accompanied with higher expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (CsGDH) and lower expression of glutamine synthetase (CsGS) and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (CsGOGAT). The total flavonoid content was higher in mycorrhizal versus non-mycorrhizal plants under P0.5 and P50, together with induced expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (CsPAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CsC4H). Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improved catechins content, which is due to the up-regulated expression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (CsF3'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (CsDFR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR), anthocyanidin reductase (CsANR), and chalcone isomerase (CsCHI) under P0.5. However, under P50, the gene involved in catechins synthesis was not affected or down-regulated by mycorrhization, implying a complex mechanism (e.g. nutrient improvement). AMF also inhibited the tea caffeine synthase 1 (CsTCS1) expression regardless of P levels. Therefore, the results of this study concluded that inoculation with C. etunicatum improves leaf food quality of tea exposed to P stress, but the improved mechanisms were different between P0.5 and P50.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Root mycorrhizal colonization was higher at P50 than P0.5.
Verbatim
e0“the seedlings recorded higher root mycorrhizal fungal colonization in P50 than in P0.5.”
t0“tea”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased leaf fructose and glucose.
Verbatim
e0“AMF-inoculated tea plants represented significantly higher leaf fructose and glucose contents and lower sucrose content than non-inoculated plants, irrespective of substate P levels.”
t0“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation lowered leaf sucrose content.
Verbatim
e0“AMF-inoculated tea plants represented significantly higher leaf fructose and glucose contents and lower sucrose content than non-inoculated plants, irrespective of substate P levels.”
t0“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased total amino acids at both phosphorus levels.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“AMF treatment also increased total amino acids content in P0.5 and P50”
t0“tea”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF raised CsGDH expression.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- AMF treatmente1
- Gene
- glutamate dehydrogenase (CsGDH)e0
- Outcome
- expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (CsGDH)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“higher expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (CsGDH)”
t0“tea”
e1“AMF treatment”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF lowered CsGS and CsGOGAT expression.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- AMF treatmente1
- Outcome
- expression of glutamine synthetase (CsGS) and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (CsGOGAT)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“lower expression of glutamine synthetase (CsGS) and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (CsGOGAT).”
t0“tea”
e1“AMF treatment”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal plants had more total flavonoids at both phosphorus levels.
Verbatim
e0“The total flavonoid content was higher in mycorrhizal versus non-mycorrhizal plants under P0.5 and P50”
t0“tea”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhization induced CsPAL and CsC4H expression.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizale1
- Outcome
- expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (CsPAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CsC4H)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“induced expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (CsPAL) and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CsC4H).”
t0“tea”
e1“higher in mycorrhizal versus non-mycorrhizal plants”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation improved catechin content under P0.5.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation improved catechins content”
t0“tea”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0.5, mycorrhization upregulated six catechin synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal fungal inoculatione1
- Outcome
- expression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (CsF3'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (CsDFR)e0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- under P0.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“up-regulated expression of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (CsF3H), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (CsF3'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (CsDFR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR), anthocyanidin reductase (CsANR), and chalcone isomerase (CsCHI) under P0.5.”
t0“tea”
e1“Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
At P50, a catechin synthesis gene was unaffected or downregulated by mycorrhization.
- Taxon
- teat0
- Treatment
- mycorrhizatione0
- Outcome
- gene involved in catechins synthesise0
- Direction
- not affected or down-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- under P50e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“under P50, the gene involved in catechins synthesis was not affected or down-regulated by mycorrhization”
t0“tea”
t1“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inhibited CsTCS1 expression regardless of phosphorus level.
- Taxon
- teae0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- Clariodeoglomus etunicatumt0symbiont
- Gene
- tea caffeine synthase 1 (CsTCS1)e0
- Outcome
- tea caffeine synthase 1 (CsTCS1) expressione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“AMF also inhibited the tea caffeine synthase 1 (CsTCS1) expression regardless of P levels.”
t0“Clariodeoglomus etunicatum”
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