Abstract
Drought stress hinders the growth and development of crop plants and ultimately its productivity. It is expected that drought stress will be frequent and intense in the future due to drastic changes in the global climate. It is necessary to make crop plants more resilient to drought stress through various techniques; drought-hardening is one of them. Defining various metabolic strategies used by tobacco plants to confer drought tolerance will be important for maintaining plant physiological functions, but studies addressing this topic are limited. This study was designed to elucidate the drought tolerance and adaptation strategies used by tobacco plants via the application of different circular drought-hardening cycles (control: no drought-hardening, T1: one cycle of drought hardening, T2: two cycles of drought-hardening, and T3: three cycles of drought-hardening) to two tobacco varieties namely Honghuadajinyuan (H) and Yun Yan-100 (Y). The results revealed that drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants. The decrease was more pronounced in the T3 treatment for both H (23 and 29%, respectively) and Y (26 and 31%, respectively) under drought stress. The MDA contents, especially in T1 and T2 in both varieties, were statistically similar compared with control under drought stress. Similarly, higher POD, APX, and GR activities were observed, especially in T3, and elevated amounts of AsA and GSH were also observed among the different circular drought-hardening treatments under drought stress. Thus circular drought-hardening mitigated the oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities and elevated the content of antioxidant substances, a key metabolic strategy under drought stress. Similarly, another important plant metabolic strategy is the osmotic adjustment. Different circular drought-hardening treatments improved the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars contents which contributed to osmoregulation. Finally, at the molecular level, circular drought-hardening improved the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, APX1, and GR2), proline and polyamines biosynthesis-related genes (P5CS1 and ADC2), and ABA signaling (SnRK2), and transcription factors (AREB1 and WRKY6) in response to drought stress. As a result, circular drought-hardening (T2 and T3 treatments) promoted tolerance to water stress via affecting the anti-oxidative capacity, osmotic adjustment, and regulation of gene expression in tobacco.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening reduced fresh biomass.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Treatment
- drought-hardeninge0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening reduced dry biomass.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- drought-hardeninge0
- Outcome
- dry biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In H under drought, T3 reduced fresh biomass by 23%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- He0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 23e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants. The decrease was more pronounced in the T3 treatment for both H (23 and 29%, respectively) and Y (26 and 31%, respectively) under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In H under drought, T3 reduced dry biomass by 29%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- He0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants. The decrease was more pronounced in the T3 treatment for both H (23 and 29%, respectively) and Y (26 and 31%, respectively) under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In Y under drought, T3 reduced fresh biomass by 26%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- Ye0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 26e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants. The decrease was more pronounced in the T3 treatment for both H (23 and 29%, respectively) and Y (26 and 31%, respectively) under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
In Y under drought, T3 reduced dry biomass by 31%.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- Ye0
- Treatment
- T3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“drought-hardening decreased the fresh and dry biomass of the tobacco plants. The decrease was more pronounced in the T3 treatment for both H (23 and 29%, respectively) and Y (26 and 31%, respectively) under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA contents in T1 and T2 were statistically similar to control under drought.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- T1 and T2e0
- Outcome
- MDA contentse0
- Direction
- statistically similare0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“The MDA contents, especially in T1 and T2 in both varieties, were statistically similar compared with control under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening raised POD, APX and GR activities, especially in T3.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- POD, APX, and GR activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“higher POD, APX, and GR activities were observed, especially in T3”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening elevated AsA and GSH amounts.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- different circular drought-hardening treatmentse0
- Outcome
- amounts of AsA and GSHe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“elevated amounts of AsA and GSH were also observed among the different circular drought-hardening treatments under drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Different circular drought-hardening treatmentse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of prolinee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“Different circular drought-hardening treatments improved the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved soluble sugar accumulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Different circular drought-hardening treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soluble sugars contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“Different circular drought-hardening treatments improved the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- circular drought-hardeninge0
- Gene
- CAT, APX1, and GR2e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“circular drought-hardening improved the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, APX1, and GR2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved transcript levels of proline and polyamine biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- circular drought-hardeninge0
- Gene
- P5CS1 and ADC2e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“circular drought-hardening improved the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, APX1, and GR2), proline and polyamines biosynthesis-related genes (P5CS1 and ADC2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved SnRK2 transcript levels.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- circular drought-hardeninge0
- Gene
- SnRK2e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“circular drought-hardening improved the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, APX1, and GR2), proline and polyamines biosynthesis-related genes (P5CS1 and ADC2), and ABA signaling (SnRK2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening improved AREB1 and WRKY6 transcript levels.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- circular drought-hardeninge0
- Gene
- AREB1 and WRKY6e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“circular drought-hardening improved the transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme-related genes (CAT, APX1, and GR2), proline and polyamines biosynthesis-related genes (P5CS1 and ADC2), and ABA signaling (SnRK2), and transcription factors (AREB1 and WRKY6)”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 and T3 hardening promoted water stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- T2 and T3 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- tolerance to water stresse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tobacco”
e0“circular drought-hardening (T2 and T3 treatments) promoted tolerance to water stress”
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