Abstract
Abstract Background : Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in cereal crops not only decreases the N use efficiency but also accelerates greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Aim : To improve N use efficiency in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) using precision N management and coating seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Methods : Field experiment laid out in split‐plot design was conducted to study the role of AMF consortia (four species) seed coating and different precision N management strategies in rationalizing fertilizer N use. Results : The AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization but did not improve N assimilation, grain yield, root weight, N uptake, chlorophyll value, normalized difference vegetative index, and physiological efficiency (PE N ) of applied N fertilizer. The benefits of AMF seed coating in improving N assimilation were not visible even in no‐N treatment. Precision N management using leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD), and GreenSeeker optical sensor (GS) sustained wheat grain yield equivalent to the soil‐test based N fertilizer recommendation with the average savings of 20% N fertilizer. Precision N management strategies improved mean recovery efficiency (RE N ) and partial factor productivity (PFP N ) of applied N fertilizer, respectively by 26.0% and 26.4% over the soil‐test based N management. Spectral properties measured with LCC, SPAD and GS showed good correlation ( R 2 > 0.71) with grain yield, depicting great potential of optical sensing tools in predicting grain yield and inferring need‐based fertilizer N topdressings decisions in wheat. Conclusions : Precision N management provides a potential solution to improve N nutrition in wheat while reducing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and total GHG emissions by 23.2 and 23.6%, respectively, in comparison to soil‐test based N application.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization of wheat
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- AMF seed coatinge1
- Outcome
- mycorrhizatione1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF seed coating did not improve N assimilation, grain yield or root weight of wheat, and the N assimilation benefit was not visible even without N
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF seed coatinge1
- Outcome
- N assimilation, grain yield, root weighte2
- Direction
- did not improvee2
- Qualifier
- not visible even in no‐N treatmente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization”
e2“did not improve N assimilation, grain yield, root weight, N uptake, chlorophyll value, normalized difference vegetative index, and physiological efficiency (PE N ) of applied N fertilizer”
e3“The benefits of AMF seed coating in improving N assimilation were not visible even in no‐N treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF seed coating did not improve N uptake, chlorophyll value or normalized difference vegetative index of wheat
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF seed coatinge1
- Outcome
- N uptake, chlorophyll value, normalized difference vegetative indexe2
- Direction
- did not improvee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization”
e2“did not improve N assimilation, grain yield, root weight, N uptake, chlorophyll value, normalized difference vegetative index, and physiological efficiency (PE N ) of applied N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF seed coating did not improve physiological efficiency of applied N fertilizer in wheat
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF seed coatinge1
- Outcome
- physiological efficiencye2
- Direction
- did not improvee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The AMF seed coating improved mycorrhization”
e2“did not improve N assimilation, grain yield, root weight, N uptake, chlorophyll value, normalized difference vegetative index, and physiological efficiency (PE N ) of applied N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management sustained wheat grain yield equivalent to the soil-test based N fertilizer recommendation
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N management using leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD), and GreenSeeker optical sensor (GS)e4
- Outcome
- grain yielde4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- N fertilizer recommendatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“Precision N management using leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD), and GreenSeeker optical sensor (GS) sustained wheat grain yield equivalent to the soil‐test based N fertilizer recommendation with the average savings of 20% N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management saved an average of 20% of N fertilizer compared with the soil-test based recommendation
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N management using leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD), and GreenSeeker optical sensor (GS)e4
- Outcome
- N fertilizere4
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede4
- Value
- 20%e4
- Comparator
- N fertilizer recommendatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“Precision N management using leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD), and GreenSeeker optical sensor (GS) sustained wheat grain yield equivalent to the soil‐test based N fertilizer recommendation with the average savings of 20% N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management strategies improved mean recovery efficiency of applied N fertilizer by 26.0% over soil-test based N management
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N management strategiese5
- Outcome
- mean recovery efficiencye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 26.0%e5
- Comparator
- soil‐test based N managemente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Precision N management strategies improved mean recovery efficiency (RE N ) and partial factor productivity (PFP N ) of applied N fertilizer, respectively by 26.0% and 26.4% over the soil‐test based N management”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management strategies improved partial factor productivity of applied N fertilizer by 26.4% over soil-test based N management
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N management strategiese5
- Outcome
- partial factor productivitye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 26.4%e5
- Comparator
- soil‐test based N managemente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Precision N management strategies improved mean recovery efficiency (RE N ) and partial factor productivity (PFP N ) of applied N fertilizer, respectively by 26.0% and 26.4% over the soil‐test based N management”
Claim · model-written summary
Spectral properties measured with LCC, SPAD and GS showed good correlation with grain yield (R2 > 0.71)
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- good correlatione6
- Value
- R 2 > 0.71e6
- Comparator
- grain yielde6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Spectral properties measured with LCC, SPAD and GS showed good correlation ( R 2 > 0.71) with grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Optical sensing tools have great potential for predicting grain yield in wheat
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- predicting grain yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“great potential of optical sensing tools in predicting grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management reduced nitrous oxide emissions by 23.2% compared with soil-test based N application
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N managemente6
- Outcome
- nitrous oxidee4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- 23.2e4
- Comparator
- soil‐test based N applicatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“reducing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and total GHG emissions by 23.2 and 23.6%”
e5“in comparison to soil‐test based N application”
e6“Precision N management provides a potential solution to improve N nutrition in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management reduced total GHG emissions by 23.6% compared with soil-test based N application
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Precision N managemente6
- Outcome
- total GHG emissionse4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- 23.6e4
- Comparator
- soil‐test based N applicatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“reducing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and total GHG emissions by 23.2 and 23.6%”
e5“in comparison to soil‐test based N application”
e6“Precision N management provides a potential solution to improve N nutrition in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Precision N management is a potential solution to improve N nutrition in wheat
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Outcome
- improve N nutritione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Precision N management provides a potential solution to improve N nutrition in wheat”
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