Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important in the phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd). Improving photosynthesis under Cd stress helps to increase crop yields. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AMF on photosynthetic processes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Cd stress remain unclear. This study utilized physiological and proteomic analyses to reveal the key processes and related genes of AMF that regulate photosynthesis under Cd stress. The results showed that AMF promoted the accumulation of Cd in the roots of wheat but significantly reduced the content of Cd in the shoots and grains. The photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, chlorophyll content, and accumulation of carbohydrates under Cd stress were increased by AMF symbiosis. Proteomic analysis showed that AMF significantly induced the expression of two enzymes involved in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway (coproporphyrinogen oxidase and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase), improved the expression of two proteins related to CO2 assimilation (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and malic enzyme), and increased the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthase, which positively regulates abiotic stress. Therefore, AMF may regulate photosynthesis under Cd stress by promoting chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased Cd accumulation in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cd in the rootse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF promoted the accumulation of Cd in the roots of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced Cd content in wheat shoots and grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and grainse1
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- content of Cd in the shoots and grainse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“roots of wheat but significantly reduced the content of Cd in the shoots and grains”
e1“AMF promoted the accumulation of Cd in the roots of wheat but significantly reduced the content of Cd in the shoots and grains”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis increased wheat photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration ratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, chlorophyll content, and accumulation of carbohydrates under Cd stress were increased by AMF symbiosis”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF symbiosis increased wheat chlorophyll content and carbohydrate accumulation under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMF symbiosise0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, and accumulation of carbohydratese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“The photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, chlorophyll content, and accumulation of carbohydrates under Cd stress were increased by AMF symbiosis”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF induced wheat coproporphyrinogen oxidase and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- coproporphyrinogen oxidase and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatasee0
- Outcome
- expression of two enzymes involved in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathwaye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“AMF significantly induced the expression of two enzymes involved in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway (coproporphyrinogen oxidase and Mg-protoporphyrin IX chelatase)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF improved expression of wheat ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and malic enzyme.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Gene
- ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and malic enzymee0
- Outcome
- expression of two proteins related to CO2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“improved the expression of two proteins related to CO2 assimilation (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and malic enzyme)”
e1“AMF significantly induced the expression”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF increased wheat S-adenosylmethionine synthase expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Gene
- S-adenosylmethionine synthasee0
- Outcome
- expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“increased the expression of S-adenosylmethionine synthase”
e1“AMF significantly induced the expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors propose that AMF regulates wheat photosynthesis under Cd stress through chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon assimilation and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis under Cd stresse0
- Qualifier
- promoting chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and S-adenosylmethionine metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat”
e0“AMF may regulate photosynthesis under Cd stress by promoting chlorophyll biosynthesis, carbon assimilation, and S-adenosylmethionine metabolism”
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See all 21 papers →mycorrhiza · molecular: expression · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.