Abstract
The use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in commercial greenhouse production is rapidly increasing because of technological advancements, increased spectral control, and improved energy efficiency. Research is needed to determine the value and efficacy of LEDs in comparison to traditional lighting systems. The objective of this study was to establish the impact of narrowband blue (B) and red (R) LED lighting ratios on flavor volatiles in hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”) in comparison to a non-supplemented natural light (NL) control and traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) lighting. “Genovese” basil was chosen because of its high market value and demand among professional chefs. Emphasis was placed on investigating concentrations of important flavor volatiles in response to specific ratios of narrowband B/R LED supplemental lighting (SL) and growing season. A total of eight treatments were used: one non-supplemented NL control, one HPS treatment, and six LED treatments (peaked at 447 nm/627 nm, ±20 nm) with progressive B/R ratios (10B/90R, 20B/80R, 30B/70R, 40B/60R, 50B/50R, and 60B/40R). Each SL treatment provided 8.64 mol ⋅ m −2 ⋅ d –1 (100 μmol ⋅ m –2 ⋅ s –1 , 24 h ⋅ d –1 ). The daily light integral (DLI) of the NL control averaged 9.5 mol ⋅ m −2 ⋅ d –1 during the growth period (ranging from 4 to 18 mol ⋅ m −2 ⋅ d –1 ). Relative humidity averaged 50%, with day/night temperatures averaging 27.4°C/21.8°C, respectively. Basil plants were harvested 45 days after seeding, and volatile organic compound profiles were obtained by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total terpenoid concentrations were dramatically increased during winter months under LED treatments, but still showed significant impacts during seasons with sufficient DLI and spectral quality. Many key flavor volatile concentrations varied significantly among lighting treatments and growing season. However, the concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenol, were three to four times higher in the control and decreased significantly for basil grown under SL treatments. Maximum concentrations for each compound varied among lighting treatments, but most monoterpenes and diterpenes evaluated were highest under 20B/80R to 50B/50R. This study shows that supplemental narrowband light treatments from LED sources may be used to manipulate secondary metabolic resource allocation. The application of narrowband LED SL has great potential for improving overall flavor quality of basil and other high-value specialty herbs.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
LED treatments dramatically increased total terpenoid concentrations in basil during winter months, and still had significant impacts in seasons with sufficient DLI and spectral quality.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- LED treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Total terpenoid concentrationse1
- Direction
- dramatically increasede1
- Qualifier
- still showed significant impacts during seasons with sufficient DLI and spectral qualitye1
- Setting
- winter monthse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e1“Total terpenoid concentrations were dramatically increased during winter months under LED treatments, but still showed significant impacts during seasons with sufficient DLI and spectral quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Key flavor volatile concentrations in basil varied significantly among lighting treatments and growing seasons.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- lighting treatmentse2
- Outcome
- key flavor volatile concentrationse2
- Direction
- variede2
- Setting
- growing seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e2“Many key flavor volatile concentrations varied significantly among lighting treatments and growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenol, were three to four times higher in the control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Outcome
- concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenole3
- Direction
- three to four times highere3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e3“the concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenol, were three to four times higher in the control and decreased significantly for basil grown under SL treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenol, decreased significantly for basil grown under SL treatments compared with the control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- SL treatmentse3
- Outcome
- concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenole3
- Direction
- decreased significantlye3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e3“the concentrations of some compounds, such as methyl eugenol, were three to four times higher in the control and decreased significantly for basil grown under SL treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum concentrations of each compound varied among lighting treatments.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- lighting treatmentse4
- Outcome
- Maximum concentrations for each compounde4
- Direction
- variede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e4“Maximum concentrations for each compound varied among lighting treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Most monoterpenes and diterpenes evaluated were highest under 20B/80R to 50B/50R LED ratios.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- 20B/80R to 50B/50Re5
- Outcome
- most monoterpenes and diterpenes evaluatede5
- Direction
- higheste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e5“most monoterpenes and diterpenes evaluated were highest under 20B/80R to 50B/50R”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental narrowband LED light may be used to manipulate secondary metabolic resource allocation in basil.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- supplemental narrowband light treatments from LED sourcese6
- Outcome
- secondary metabolic resource allocatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydroponic basil ( Ocimum basilicum var. “Genovese”)”
e6“supplemental narrowband light treatments from LED sources may be used to manipulate secondary metabolic resource allocation”
Claim · model-written summary
Narrowband LED supplemental lighting has great potential for improving overall flavor quality of basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume7
- Treatment
- narrowband LED SLe7
- Outcome
- overall flavor qualitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The application of narrowband LED SL has great potential for improving overall flavor quality of basil and other high-value specialty herbs”
The same questions in other papers
light · molecular: metabolites · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.