Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is found in fungal cell walls but not in plants. Plant cells can perceive chitin fragments (chitooligosaccharides) leading to gene induction and defense responses. We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes and led to more susceptibility to fungal pathogens but had no effect on infection by a bacterial pathogen. Additionally, exogenously applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens in the wild-type plants but not in the mutant. Together, our data indicate that LysM RLK1 is essential for chitin signaling in plants (likely as part of the receptor complex) and is involved in chitin-mediated plant innate immunity. The LysM RLK1-mediated chitin signaling pathway is unique, but it may share a conserved downstream pathway with the FLS2/flagellin- and EFR/EF-Tu-mediated signaling pathways. Additionally, our work suggests a possible evolutionary relationship between the chitin and Nod factor perception mechanisms due to the similarities between their potential receptors and between the signal molecules perceived by them.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
LysM RLK1 was identified as required for Arabidopsis chitin signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Gene
- LysM RLK1e0
- Outcome
- chitin signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation in LysM RLK1 blocked induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- mutation in this genee0
- Gene
- LysM RLK1e1
- Outcome
- induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genese0
- Direction
- blockede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes”
e1“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation in LysM RLK1 increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- mutation in this genee0
- Interactor
- fungal pathogense0pathogen
- Gene
- LysM RLK1e1
- Outcome
- susceptibility to fungal pathogense0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes and led to more susceptibility to fungal pathogens”
e1“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation in LysM RLK1 had no effect on bacterial pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- mutation in this genee0
- Interactor
- bacterial pathogene0pathogen
- Gene
- LysM RLK1e1
- Outcome
- infection by a bacterial pathogene0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes and led to more susceptibility to fungal pathogens but had no effect on infection by a bacterial pathogen”
e1“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced wild-type Arabidopsis resistance to fungal pathogens but not mutant resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- wild-type plantse0
- Treatment
- exogenously applied chitooligosaccharidese0
- Interactor
- fungale0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogense0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- mutante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenously applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens in the wild-type plants but not in the mutant”
e1“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced wild-type Arabidopsis resistance to bacterial pathogens but not mutant resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- wild-type plantse0
- Treatment
- exogenously applied chitooligosaccharidese0
- Interactor
- bacterial pathogense0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogense0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- mutante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenously applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens in the wild-type plants but not in the mutant”
e1“We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer LysM RLK1 is essential for chitin signaling and chitin-mediated plant innate immunity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- LysM RLK1e0
- Outcome
- chitin-mediated plant innate immunitye0
- Qualifier
- likely as part of the receptor complexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LysM RLK1 is essential for chitin signaling in plants (likely as part of the receptor complex) and is involved in chitin-mediated plant innate immunity”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest a possible shared downstream pathway with FLS2/flagellin and EFR/EF-Tu signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- FLS2/flagellin- and EFR/EF-Tu-mediated signaling pathwayse0
- Outcome
- conserved downstream pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it may share a conserved downstream pathway with the FLS2/flagellin- and EFR/EF-Tu-mediated signaling pathways”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest an evolutionary relationship between chitin and Nod factor perception mechanisms.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- evolutionary relationshipe0
- Qualifier
- similarities between their potential receptors and between the signal molecules perceived by theme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“possible evolutionary relationship between the chitin and Nod factor perception mechanisms due to the similarities between their potential receptors and between the signal molecules perceived by them”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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