Abstract
Abstract Increasing yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) without excessive nitrogen (N) rates requires increasing N use efficiency (NUE, yield per available N). We assessed the effects of N rate and timing on yield, GPC, and N nutritional indices of two winter wheat genotypes with similar yield but contrasting GPC. Factorial field experiments evaluated the wheat genotypes ‘LCS Chrome’ (high GPC) and ‘WB–Grainfield’ (low GPC), three N rates, and four N timings (‘Fall’, 100% of N rate applied at Zadoks GS20; ‘Spring’, 100% at GS25; ‘Split’, 40% Fall plus 60% Spring; and ‘Anthesis’, 40% fall, 50% spring, and 10% at GS61) in six Kansas environments. Yield ranged from 2,853 to 8,023 kg ha ‐1 and GPC from 88 to 152 g kg ‐1 . Fall and spring N timing had the lowest and greatest yield difference from the zero‐N control and showed linear, linear‐plateau or no responses to N rate. ‘LCS Chrome’ had 5 to 19 g kg ‐1 greater GPC than ‘WB–Grainfield’, which was associated with greater post‐anthesis N uptake (24 vs 15% of maturity‐N uptake), a greater spike N gain between anthesis and maturity (7.4 vs 6.5 g m ‐2 ), and greater N recovery efficiency (0.34 vs 0.28 kg kg ‐1 ). Greater N rates and Anthesis or Spring N timings increased GPC. The NUE (range: 20–311 kg kg ‐1 ) was inversely related to N availability, and Fall N timing had the lowest NUE. Our results highlighted physiological reasons for genotype‐specific GPC performance and suggested agronomic opportunities to simultaneously improve wheat yield and GPC.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield ranged from 2,853 to 8,023 kg ha ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Outcome
- Yielde0
- Value
- 2,853 to 8,023 kg ha ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield ranged from 2,853 to 8,023 kg ha ‐1 and GPC from 88 to 152 g kg ‐1”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein concentration ranged from 88 to 152 g kg ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Value
- 88 to 152 g kg ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GPC from 88 to 152 g kg ‐1”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall N timing had the lowest yield difference from zero-N control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Falle0
- Outcome
- yield differencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- zero‐N controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall and spring N timing had the lowest and greatest yield difference from the zero‐N control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring N timing had the greatest yield difference from zero-N control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- spring N timinge0
- Outcome
- yield differencee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- zero‐N controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall and spring N timing had the lowest and greatest yield difference from the zero‐N control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield responses to N rate included linear, linear-plateau and no-response patterns.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- responses to N ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed linear, linear‐plateau or no responses to N rate”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
LCS Chrome grain protein concentration exceeded WB–Grainfield by 5 to 19 g kg ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Material
- ‘LCS Chrome’e0
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 5 to 19 g kg ‐1e0
- Comparator
- ‘WB–Grainfield’e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘LCS Chrome’ had 5 to 19 g kg ‐1 greater GPC than ‘WB–Grainfield’”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
LCS Chrome had greater post-anthesis N uptake, 24% versus 15% of maturity N uptake.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- ‘LCS Chrome’e1
- Outcome
- post‐anthesis N uptakee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 24 vs 15% of maturity‐N uptakee0
- Comparator
- ‘WB–Grainfield’e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater post‐anthesis N uptake (24 vs 15% of maturity‐N uptake)”
e1“‘LCS Chrome’ had 5 to 19 g kg ‐1 greater GPC than ‘WB–Grainfield’”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
LCS Chrome had greater spike N gain, 7.4 versus 6.5 g m ‐2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- ‘LCS Chrome’e1
- Outcome
- spike N gaine0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 7.4 vs 6.5 g m ‐2e0
- Comparator
- ‘WB–Grainfield’e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a greater spike N gain between anthesis and maturity (7.4 vs 6.5 g m ‐2 )”
e1“‘LCS Chrome’ had 5 to 19 g kg ‐1 greater GPC than ‘WB–Grainfield’”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
LCS Chrome had greater N recovery efficiency, 0.34 versus 0.28 kg kg ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Material
- ‘LCS Chrome’e1
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 0.34 vs 0.28 kg kg ‐1e0
- Comparator
- ‘WB–Grainfield’e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greater N recovery efficiency (0.34 vs 0.28 kg kg ‐1 )”
e1“‘LCS Chrome’ had 5 to 19 g kg ‐1 greater GPC than ‘WB–Grainfield’”
e2“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater N rates increased grain protein concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Greater N ratese0
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater N rates and Anthesis or Spring N timings increased GPC”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis N timing increased grain protein concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Anthesise0
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater N rates and Anthesis or Spring N timings increased GPC”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring N timing increased grain protein concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Spring N timingse0
- Outcome
- GPCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greater N rates and Anthesis or Spring N timings increased GPC”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency ranged from 20 to 311 kg kg ‐1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Value
- 20–311 kg kg ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE (range: 20–311 kg kg ‐1 ) was inversely related to N availability”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N use efficiency was inversely related to N availability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- N availabilitye0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NUE (range: 20–311 kg kg ‐1 ) was inversely related to N availability”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall N timing had the lowest N use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Fall N timinge0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall N timing had the lowest NUE”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · quality: protein · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
399 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
450 papers more in this group
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