Abstract
Flooding is a common and critical disaster in agriculture, because it causes defects in plant growth and even crop loss. An increase in herbivore populations is often observed after floods, which leads to additional damage to the plants. Although molecular mechanisms underlying the plant responses to flooding have been identified, how plant defence systems are affected by flooding remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that submergence deactivates wound-induced defence against herbivore attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. Submergence rapidly suppressed the wound-induced expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes, resulting in reduced JA accumulation. While plants exposed to hypoxia in argon gas exhibited similar reduced wound responses, the inhibitory effects were initiated after short-term submergence without signs for lack of oxygen. Instead, expression of ethylene-responsive genes was increased after short-term submergence. Blocking ethylene signalling by ein2-1 mutation partially restored suppressed expression of several wound-responsive genes by submergence. In addition, submergence rapidly removed active markers of histone modifications at a gene locus involved in JA biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that submergence inactivates defence systems of plants, which would explain the proliferation of herbivores after flooding.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence deactivated wound-induced defence against herbivore attack.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- submergencee0
- Interactor
- herbivoree0herbivore
- Outcome
- wound-induced defence against herbivore attacke0
- Direction
- deactivatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“submergence deactivates wound-induced defence against herbivore attack in Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence suppressed wound-induced expression of JA biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- Submergencee0
- Outcome
- wound-induced expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Submergence rapidly suppressed the wound-induced expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence reduced JA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- submergencee1
- Outcome
- JA accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in reduced JA accumulation”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
e1“Submergence rapidly suppressed the wound-induced expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes, resulting in reduced JA accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia in argon gas produced similarly reduced wound responses.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- hypoxia in argon gase0
- Outcome
- wound responsese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants exposed to hypoxia in argon gas exhibited similar reduced wound responses”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term submergence initiated inhibition before signs of oxygen deficiency.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- short-term submergencee0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
- Qualifier
- without signs for lack of oxygene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibitory effects were initiated after short-term submergence without signs for lack of oxygen”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Short-term submergence increased expression of ethylene-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- short-term submergencee0
- Outcome
- expression of ethylene-responsive genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of ethylene-responsive genes was increased after short-term submergence”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
The ein2-1 mutation partly restored submergence-suppressed expression of several wound-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Material
- ein2-1 mutatione0
- Treatment
- Blocking ethylene signalling by ein2-1 mutatione0
- Outcome
- expression of several wound-responsive genese0
- Direction
- partially restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blocking ethylene signalling by ein2-1 mutation partially restored suppressed expression of several wound-responsive genes by submergence”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence rapidly removed active histone modification markers at a JA biosynthesis gene locus.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae7
- Treatment
- submergencee0
- Gene
- a gene locus involved in JA biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- active markers of histone modificationse0
- Direction
- removede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“submergence rapidly removed active markers of histone modifications at a gene locus involved in JA biosynthesis”
e7“in Arabidopsis thaliana.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.