Abstract
Autophagy involves massive degradation of intracellular components and functions as a conserved system that helps cells to adapt to adverse conditions. In mammals, hypoxia rapidly stimulates autophagy as a cell survival response. Here, we examine the function of autophagy in the regulation of the plant response to submergence, an abiotic stress that leads to hypoxia and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, submergence induces the transcription of autophagy-related (ATG) genes and the formation of autophagosomes. Consistent with this, the autophagy-defective (atg) mutants are hypersensitive to submergence stress and treatment with ethanol, the end product of anaerobic respiration. Upon submergence, the atg mutants have increased levels of transcripts of anaerobic respiration genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, ADH1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 1, PDC1), but reduced levels of transcripts of other hypoxia- and ethylene-responsive genes. Both submergence and ethanol treatments induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rosettes of atg mutants more than in the wild type. Moreover, the production of ROS by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is necessary for plant tolerance to submergence and ethanol, submergence-induced expression of ADH1 and PDC1, and activation of autophagy. The submergence- and ethanol-sensitive phenotypes in the atg mutants depend on a complete salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Together, our findings demonstrate that submergence-induced autophagy functions in the hypoxia response in Arabidopsis by modulating SA-mediated cellular homeostasis.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence induced ATG gene transcription and autophagosome formation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- submergencee0
- Gene
- autophagy-related (ATG) genese0
- Outcome
- transcription of autophagy-related (ATG) genes and the formation of autophagosomese0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Arabidopsis thaliana, submergence induces the transcription of autophagy-related (ATG) genes and the formation of autophagosomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Autophagy-defective mutants were hypersensitive to submergence.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- autophagy-defective (atg) mutantse0
- Outcome
- hypersensitive to submergence stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“autophagy-defective (atg) mutants are hypersensitive to submergence stress”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Autophagy-defective mutants were hypersensitive to ethanol.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- ethanole0
- Outcome
- hypersensitive to submergence stress and treatment with ethanole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“atg) mutants are hypersensitive to submergence stress and treatment with ethanol”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Submerged atg mutants had more ADH1 and PDC1 transcripts.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- atg mutantse0
- Gene
- alcohol dehydrogenase 1, ADH1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 1, PDC1e0
- Outcome
- levels of transcripts of anaerobic respiration genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon submergence, the atg mutants have increased levels of transcripts of anaerobic respiration genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, ADH1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 1, PDC1)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Submerged atg mutants had reduced transcripts of other hypoxia and ethylene responsive genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- levels of transcripts of other hypoxia- and ethylene-responsive genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced levels of transcripts of other hypoxia- and ethylene-responsive genes”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence caused greater ROS accumulation in atg mutant rosettes than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- atg mutantse0
- Organ / stage
- rosettese0
- Treatment
- submergencee0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both submergence and ethanol treatments induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rosettes of atg mutants more than in the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol caused greater ROS accumulation in atg mutant rosettes than wild type.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- atg mutantse0
- Organ / stage
- rosettese0
- Treatment
- ethanole0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethanol treatments induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rosettes of atg mutants more than in the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidase ROS production is necessary for tolerance to submergence and ethanol.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidasese0
- Outcome
- plant tolerance to submergence and ethanole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of ROS by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is necessary for plant tolerance to submergence and ethanol”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidase ROS production is necessary for submergence-induced ADH1 and PDC1 expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidasese0
- Outcome
- submergence-induced expression of ADH1 and PDC1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of ROS by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is necessary for plant tolerance to submergence and ethanol, submergence-induced expression of ADH1 and PDC1, and activation of autophagy”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
NADPH oxidase ROS production is necessary for autophagy activation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidasese0
- Outcome
- activation of autophagye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of ROS by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is necessary for plant tolerance to submergence and ethanol, submergence-induced expression of ADH1 and PDC1, and activation of autophagy”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence and ethanol sensitivity in atg mutants depends on complete SA signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- atg mutantse0
- Compound
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- submergence- and ethanol-sensitive phenotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“submergence- and ethanol-sensitive phenotypes in the atg mutants depend on a complete salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
The same questions in other papers
flooding · molecular: expression · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.