Paper · 2018 · International Journal of Chemical Studies

Growth, flowering and quality of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzevelev.) cv. Yellow Gold, as influenced by different growth regulators

Raveendra Choudhari; B S Kulkarni; Mukund Shiragur

20
claims
49
verbatim quotes
4
citations
3
research areas
✓
Open access

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to know the effect of growth regulators on growth, flowering and quality of cut chrysanthemum cv. Yellow Decorative with seven treatments which replicated trice. The growth regulators have been sprayed at 30 and 60 days after planting. Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant, maximum leaf chlorophyll (9.40, 9.29, 23.68 mg/g of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, respectively) and carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g), early flowering (61.00 and 71.33 days of days to flower bud initiation and days for first flowering, respectively), longer (60.17 cm, 124.97 g and 3.78 days, respectively) stalk length, maximum weight of flower stalk and longer display life of flower were noticed in plants sprayed with gibberellic acid at 150 ppm. The growth, flowering and flower quality attributes were on par with plant sprayed with brassinosteroid at 0.5 ppm. Whereas, minimum (46.83 cm and 1.78 cm) plant height and internodal length was noticed in plant sprayed with cycocel at 750 ppm. Whereas, minimum (13.81 cm and 24.56, respectively) plant spread, number of leaves were recorded in the control and daminozide at 1000, respectively. Among flowering attributes control plants recorded delayed flowering. Whereas, among quality, the results were minimum in control.

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Claims 20

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum plant height (60.22 cm) among growth regulators.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
plant heighte1
Direction
maximume1
Value
60.22 cme1
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum plant spread (17.34 cm) among growth regulators.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
plant spreade1
Direction
maximume1
Value
17.34 cme1
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum internode length (2.35 cm) among growth regulators.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
internode lengthe1
Direction
maximume1
Value
2.35 cme1
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum number of leaves per plant (30.33) among growth regulators.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
number of leaves per plante1
Direction
maximume1
Value
30.33e1
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum leaf chlorophyll a (9.40 mg/g).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
chlorophyll ‘a’e2
Direction
maximume2
Value
9.40e2
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e2

“maximum leaf chlorophyll (9.40, 9.29, 23.68 mg/g of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, respectively) and carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 495–647 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum leaf chlorophyll b (9.29 mg/g).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
chlorophyll ‘b’e2
Direction
maximume2
Value
9.29e2
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e2

“maximum leaf chlorophyll (9.40, 9.29, 23.68 mg/g of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, respectively) and carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 495–647 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum total chlorophyll (23.68 mg/g).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
total chlorophylle2
Direction
maximume2
Value
23.68e2
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e2

“maximum leaf chlorophyll (9.40, 9.29, 23.68 mg/g of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, respectively) and carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 495–647 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
carotenoid contente2
Direction
maximume2
Value
4.99 mg/ge2
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e2

“maximum leaf chlorophyll (9.40, 9.29, 23.68 mg/g of chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ total chlorophyll, respectively) and carotenoid content (4.99 mg/g)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 495–647 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave early flower bud initiation at 61.00 days.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
days to flower bud initiatione3
Direction
earlye3
Value
61.00e3
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e3

“early flowering (61.00 and 71.33 days of days to flower bud initiation and days for first flowering, respectively)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 649–763 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave early first flowering at 71.33 days.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
days for first floweringe3
Direction
earlye3
Value
71.33e3
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e3

“early flowering (61.00 and 71.33 days of days to flower bud initiation and days for first flowering, respectively)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 649–763 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave longer stalk length (60.17 cm).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
stalk lengthe4
Direction
longere4
Value
60.17 cme4
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e4

“longer (60.17 cm, 124.97 g and 3.78 days, respectively) stalk length, maximum weight of flower stalk and longer display life of flower”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 765–899 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave maximum weight of flower stalk (124.97 g).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
maximum weight of flower stalke4
Direction
maximume4
Value
124.97 ge4
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e4

“longer (60.17 cm, 124.97 g and 3.78 days, respectively) stalk length, maximum weight of flower stalk and longer display life of flower”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 765–899 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Gibberellic acid at 150 ppm gave longer display life of flower (3.78 days).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
gibberellic acid at 150 ppme1
Outcome
display life of flowere4
Direction
longere4
Value
3.78 dayse4
Comparator
different growth regulatorse1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among different growth regulators, spraying of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm recorded significantly maximum (60.22 cm, 17.34 cm, 2.35 cm, 30.33, respectively) plant height, plant spread, internode length, number of leaves per plant”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 264–493 · show in text ↑
e4

“longer (60.17 cm, 124.97 g and 3.78 days, respectively) stalk length, maximum weight of flower stalk and longer display life of flower”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 765–899 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Growth, flowering and flower quality attributes under gibberellic acid at 150 ppm were on par with brassinosteroid at 0.5 ppm.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Outcome
growth, flowering and flower quality attributese5
Direction
on pare5
Comparator
brassinosteroid at 0.5 ppme5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e5

“The growth, flowering and flower quality attributes were on par with plant sprayed with brassinosteroid at 0.5 ppm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 965–1079 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Cycocel at 750 ppm gave minimum plant height (46.83 cm).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
cycocel at 750 ppme6
Outcome
plant heighte6
Direction
minimume6
Value
46.83 cme6

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e6

“Whereas, minimum (46.83 cm and 1.78 cm) plant height and internodal length was noticed in plant sprayed with cycocel at 750 ppm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1081–1208 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Cycocel at 750 ppm gave minimum internodal length (1.78 cm).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
cycocel at 750 ppme6
Outcome
internodal lengthe6
Direction
minimume6
Value
1.78 cme6

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e6

“Whereas, minimum (46.83 cm and 1.78 cm) plant height and internodal length was noticed in plant sprayed with cycocel at 750 ppm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1081–1208 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Control plants had minimum plant spread (13.81 cm).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
controle7
Outcome
plant spreade7
Direction
minimume7
Value
13.81 cme7

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e7

“Whereas, minimum (13.81 cm and 24.56, respectively) plant spread, number of leaves were recorded in the control and daminozide at 1000, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1210–1358 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Daminozide at 1000 gave minimum number of leaves (24.56).

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
daminozide at 1000e7
Outcome
number of leavese7
Direction
minimume7
Value
24.56e7

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e7

“Whereas, minimum (13.81 cm and 24.56, respectively) plant spread, number of leaves were recorded in the control and daminozide at 1000, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1210–1358 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Control plants showed delayed flowering.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
control plantse1
Outcome
floweringe1
Direction
delayede1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e1

“Among flowering attributes control plants recorded delayed flowering”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1360–1428 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Control plants had minimum flower quality.

Taxon
chrysanthemumChrysanthemumt0
Treatment
controle0
Outcome
qualitye0
Direction
minimume0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryLucia Condac · CC BY 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0

“cut chrysanthemum”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–50 · show in text ↑
e0

“Whereas, among quality, the results were minimum in control”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1430–1489 · show in text ↑

Gibberellic acid · growth · ChrysanthemumResults differ

21 papers: 20 positive, 1 negative or no effect

19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

  1. no effect
  2. positive
  3. positive

17 papers more in this group

See all 21 papers →

Gibberellic acid · physiology: pigments · ChrysanthemumResults agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
See all 2 papers →

Gibberellic acid · phenology · ChrysanthemumResults agree

6 papers: 6 positive, 0 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

Gibberellic acid · yield · ChrysanthemumResults agree

10 papers: 10 positive, 0 negative or no effect

9 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

6 papers more in this group

See all 10 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.