Abstract
Chemical potassium (K) fertilizer is commonly used in apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh) production but K is easily fixed by soil, resulting in reduced K fertilizer utilization and wasted resources. K-solubilizing bacteria (KSB) can cost-effectively increase the soluble K content in rhizosphere soil. Therefore, the objectives were to select high-efficiency KSB from apple orchards under various soil management models and evaluate their effects on apple seedling growth. Maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulching (MSM) increased the total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK) in the rhizosphere and improved fruit quality. The number of KSB in the rhizosphere soil of MSM was 9.5×104 CFU g−1 soil, which was considerably higher than that in the other mulching models. Fourteen KSB strains were isolated with relative K solubilizing ability ranging from 17 to 30%, and five strains increased the dry weight per apple seedling. The most efficient strain was identified as Paenibacillus mucilaginosus through morphological observation and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, named JGK. After inoculation, the colonization of JGK in soil decreased from 4.0 to 1.5×109 CFU g−1 soil within 28 d. The growth of the apple seedlings and the K accumulation in apple plants were promoted by irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution (1×109 CFU mL−1), but there was no significant increase in the AK content of rhizosphere soil. High-performance liquid phase analysis (HPLC) data showed that the JGK metabolites contained phytohormones and organic acids. Hence, the JGK strain promoted the growth of two-month-old apple seedlings by stimulating function of the produced phytohormones and enhanced K solubility by acidification for apple seedling uptake. This study enriches the understanding of KSB and provides an effective means to increase the K utilization efficiency of apple production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw mulching increased rhizosphere total carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulching (MSM) increased the total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK) in the rhizosphere and improved fruit quality.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize straw mulching improved apple fruit quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulchinge0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize (Zea mays L.) straw mulching (MSM) increased the total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and available potassium (AK) in the rhizosphere and improved fruit quality.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching produced 9.5×104 CFU g−1 soil rhizosphere KSB, more than other mulches.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- MSMe0
- Outcome
- number of KSB in the rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9.5×104 CFU g−1 soile0
- Comparator
- other mulching modelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of KSB in the rhizosphere soil of MSM was 9.5×104 CFU g−1 soil, which was considerably higher than that in the other mulching models.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen isolates had relative K solubilizing ability of 17 to 30%.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- relative K solubilizing abilitye0
- Value
- 17 to 30%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fourteen KSB strains were isolated with relative K solubilizing ability ranging from 17 to 30%”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
Five bacterial strains increased apple seedling dry weight.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- five strainse0
- Outcome
- dry weight per apple seedlinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“five strains increased the dry weight per apple seedling.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
The most efficient isolate was identified as Paenibacillus mucilaginosus JGK.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Paenibacillus mucilaginosusPaenibacillus mucilaginosuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- most efficient strain was identified as Paenibacillus mucilaginosuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most efficient strain was identified as Paenibacillus mucilaginosus through morphological observation and sequence analysis of 16S rDNA, named JGK.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
JGK soil colonization declined from 4.0 to 1.5×109 CFU g−1 soil within 28 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- JGKe0symbiont
- Outcome
- colonization of JGK in soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4.0 to 1.5×109 CFU g−1 soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the colonization of JGK in soil decreased from 4.0 to 1.5×109 CFU g−1 soil within 28 d.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
JGK irrigation promoted apple seedling growth.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution (1×109 CFU mL−1)e0
- Interactor
- JGKe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of the apple seedlingse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of the apple seedlings and the K accumulation in apple plants were promoted by irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution (1×109 CFU mL−1)”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
JGK irrigation promoted apple potassium accumulation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution (1×109 CFU mL−1)e0
- Interactor
- JGKe0symbiont
- Outcome
- K accumulation in apple plantse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of the apple seedlings and the K accumulation in apple plants were promoted by irrigation with 50 mL JGK bacterial solution (1×109 CFU mL−1)”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
JGK irrigation did not significantly increase rhizosphere available potassium.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- AK content of rhizosphere soile0
- Direction
- no significant increasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant increase in the AK content of rhizosphere soil.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
JGK metabolites contained phytohormones and organic acids.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- JGKe0symbiont
- Outcome
- JGK metabolites contained phytohormones and organic acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the JGK metabolites contained phytohormones and organic acids.”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed apple seedling growth promotion to JGK-produced phytohormones.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- JGKe0symbiont
- Compound
- phytohormonese0
- Outcome
- growth of two-month-old apple seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the JGK strain promoted the growth of two-month-old apple seedlings by stimulating function of the produced phytohormones”
t0“apple seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed increased potassium solubility to acidification by JGK.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- K solubilitye0
- Qualifier
- acidificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced K solubility by acidification for apple seedling uptake.”
t0“apple seedling”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.