Abstract
Copper nanoparticles were synthesized via a bioreduction using sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted from Avicennia marina mangrove leaves and their phytotoxicity effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings was assessed. As analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), SPs extract constituted mainly 49.3% glucose, 24.6% galactose and 20.5% glucouronic acid by mol. A nanoformulation of ultrafine Cu2O/Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles coated with SPs (Cu NPs) was prepared with an average particle size of 2.11 ± 0.64 nm and a slightly negatively-charged zeta potential of 11 ± 0.46 mV. Applying high concentrations of Cu NPs on wheat seeds inhibited the respective shoot and root relative growth percentages, yielding 13.22 ± 9.91 and 36.72 ± 18.51% at 0.06 mg/mL of the nanoformulation. Comparable values were obtained when the seeds were subjected to 0.06 mg/L of SPs extract applied in the free form. In a foliar application, 0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPs reduced the respective total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by 17.4% and 24.3% relative to the control while the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%, respectively, after 14 days of application. Therefore, Cu NPs show a comparable inhibition effect to that of the free SPs extract but offer the additional advantages of nanoformulations. In soil applications, however, Cu NPs stimulated the growth of wheat seedlings in contrary to SPs and increased the total chlorophyll and carotenoids by 49.76% and 70%, respectively. This gives an additional merit to the nanoformulation that can potentially be used as an effective biostimulant in soil.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
High Cu NP concentrations inhibited wheat shoot relative growth; at 0.06 mg/mL it was 13.22 ± 9.91%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 0.06 mg/mL of the nanoformulatione0
- Outcome
- shoot and root relative growth percentagese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 13.22 ± 9.91e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying high concentrations of Cu NPs on wheat seeds inhibited the respective shoot and root relative growth percentages, yielding 13.22 ± 9.91 and 36.72 ± 18.51% at 0.06 mg/mL of the nanoformulation.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cu NP concentrations inhibited wheat root relative growth; at 0.06 mg/mL it was 36.72 ± 18.51%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.06 mg/mL of the nanoformulatione0
- Outcome
- shoot and root relative growth percentagese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 36.72 ± 18.51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applying high concentrations of Cu NPs on wheat seeds inhibited the respective shoot and root relative growth percentages, yielding 13.22 ± 9.91 and 36.72 ± 18.51% at 0.06 mg/mL of the nanoformulation.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Free SP extract produced comparable seed growth effects.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.06 mg/L of SPs extracte0
- Outcome
- Comparable valuese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Comparable values were obtained when the seeds were subjected to 0.06 mg/L of SPs extract applied in the free form.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Cu NPs reduced total chlorophyll by 17.4% versus control after 14 days.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17.4%e0
- Qualifier
- after 14 days of applicatione0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPs reduced the respective total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by 17.4% and 24.3% relative to the control while the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%, respectively, after 14 days of application.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Cu NPs reduced carotenoids by 24.3% versus control after 14 days.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoids contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.06 mg/mL of Cu NPs reduced the respective total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by 17.4% and 24.3% relative to the control while the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%, respectively, after 14 days of application.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SPs reduced total chlorophyll by 27.9%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SPse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%, respectively, after 14 days of application.”
e1“total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by 17.4% and 24.3% relative to the control while the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SPs reduced carotenoids by 32.6%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoids contentse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32.6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%, respectively, after 14 days of application.”
e1“total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by 17.4% and 24.3% relative to the control while the treatment with SPs reduced them by slightly higher values of 27.9% and 32.6%”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applied Cu NPs stimulated wheat seedling growth relative to SPs.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- growth of wheat seedlingse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Comparator
- SPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soil applications, however, Cu NPs stimulated the growth of wheat seedlings in contrary to SPs”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applied Cu NPs increased total chlorophyll by 49.76%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- total chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49.76%e0
- Comparator
- SPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu NPs stimulated the growth of wheat seedlings in contrary to SPs and increased the total chlorophyll and carotenoids by 49.76% and 70%, respectively.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil applied Cu NPs increased carotenoids by 70%.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cu NPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- SPse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cu NPs stimulated the growth of wheat seedlings in contrary to SPs and increased the total chlorophyll and carotenoids by 49.76% and 70%, respectively.”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest soil applied Cu NPs as a potential biostimulant.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlingsTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- effective biostimulant in soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the nanoformulation that can potentially be used as an effective biostimulant in soil”
t0“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings”
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