Abstract
Successful irrigation management for soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] requires a knowledge of the effect of irrigations applied during specific stages of reproductive ontogeny. Eight soybean cultivars, varying in stem growth habit and maturity, were subjected to a factorial set of eight irrigation treatments involving either no irrigation or one irrigation applied at three reproductive stages: R1 to R2 flowering ( F ), R3 to R5 pod elongation ( P ), or R5 to R6 seed enlargement ( S ). The experiment was conducted for 3 years on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (Typic Argiudoll). An F irrigation had little effect on ultimate seed yield (+20 kg/ha) and for some cultivars actually depressed yield below that of the nonirrigated check. A P irrigation consistently increased seed yield (+379 kg/ha), irrespective of cultivar or year. An S irrigation also enhanced seed yield (+ 384 kg/ha), but the degree of enhancement was inconsistent across years, being influenced by the amount of natural rainfall occurring during the seed enlargement stage. Although a dual F‐P irrigation treatment enhanced seed yield above that for both the nonirrigated check and single F irrigation treatment, the seed yield increase was significantly smaller (+166 kg/ha) than that achieved with a single P irrigation treatment. Soybean maturity was delayed 2 to 6 days with irrigation but the delay was greatest when irrigation was applied late in reproductive ontogeny. This senescence delay lengthened the seed‐fill period and was responsible in part for the seed yield enhancement effected by irrigation. Increases in soybean plant height and lodging were greatest with an F irrigation, intermediate with a P irrigation, and minimal with an S irrigation. Although irrigation effects on seed quality were variable depending on the cnltivar, there was an overall tendency for a P irrigation to improve and an S irrigation to worsen seed quality. An F irrigation had no effect on seed quality. Of the eight cultlvars evaluated, the determinate ‘Elf’ was the most yield responsive to irrigation and was relatively resistant to changes induced by irrigation in plant height, lodging, and seed quality. Based on these data, optimal yield enhancement in irrigated soybean culture can be achieved with the use of short‐stature or lodging‐resistant cultivars irrigated during pod elongation (R3 to R4) and seed enlargement (R5 to R6).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering irrigation had little yield effect of +20 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- F irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- little effecte0
- Value
- +20 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An F irrigation had little effect on ultimate seed yield (+20 kg/ha)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering irrigation depressed yield for some cultivars relative to the nonirrigated check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- F irrigatione1
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- depressede0
- Comparator
- nonirrigated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for some cultivars actually depressed yield below that of the nonirrigated check”
e1“An F irrigation had little effect on ultimate seed yield (+20 kg/ha)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod elongation irrigation consistently increased seed yield by +379 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +379 kg/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A P irrigation consistently increased seed yield (+379 kg/ha), irrespective of cultivar or year”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed enlargement irrigation enhanced yield by + 384 kg/ha, inconsistently across years.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 384 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- inconsistent across yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An S irrigation also enhanced seed yield (+ 384 kg/ha), but the degree of enhancement was inconsistent across years”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual F‐P irrigation raised yield by +166 kg/ha versus no irrigation and single F, less than single P.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dual F‐P irrigation treatmente0
- Outcome
- seed yield increasee0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- +166 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- single P irrigation treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although a dual F‐P irrigation treatment enhanced seed yield above that for both the nonirrigated check and single F irrigation treatment, the seed yield increase was significantly smaller (+166 kg/ha) than that achieved with a single P irrigation treatment”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation delayed maturity 2 to 6 days, most when applied late.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean maturity was delayed 2 to 6 days with irrigation but the delay was greatest when irrigation was applied late in reproductive ontogeny”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed senescence lengthened seed fill and partly explained irrigation yield enhancement.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- seed yield enhancemente0
- Qualifier
- senescence delay lengthened the seed‐fill periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This senescence delay lengthened the seed‐fill period and was responsible in part for the seed yield enhancement effected by irrigation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering irrigation produced the greatest height and lodging increases, pod irrigation intermediate, seed irrigation minimal.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- F irrigatione0
- Outcome
- plant height and lodginge0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Comparator
- P irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in soybean plant height and lodging were greatest with an F irrigation, intermediate with a P irrigation, and minimal with an S irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod irrigation tended to improve seed quality.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed qualitye0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a P irrigation to improve and an S irrigation to worsen seed quality”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed enlargement irrigation tended to worsen seed quality.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- S irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed qualitye0
- Direction
- worsene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an S irrigation to worsen seed quality”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering irrigation had no effect on seed quality.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- F irrigatione0
- Outcome
- seed qualitye0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An F irrigation had no effect on seed quality”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Determinate Elf was most yield responsive to irrigation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Elfe0
- Outcome
- yield responsivee0
- Direction
- moste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the determinate ‘Elf’ was the most yield responsive to irrigation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elf was relatively resistant to irrigation induced height, lodging and seed quality changes.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Elfe1
- Outcome
- changes induced by irrigation in plant height, lodging, and seed qualitye0
- Direction
- relatively resistante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was relatively resistant to changes induced by irrigation in plant height, lodging, and seed quality”
e1“the determinate ‘Elf’ was the most yield responsive to irrigation”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend short or lodging resistant cultivars irrigated during pod elongation and seed enlargement.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- irrigated during pod elongation (R3 to R4) and seed enlargement (R5 to R6)e0
- Outcome
- optimal yield enhancemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“optimal yield enhancement in irrigated soybean culture can be achieved with the use of short‐stature or lodging‐resistant cultivars irrigated during pod elongation (R3 to R4) and seed enlargement (R5 to R6)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.