Abstract
The nematicidal potential of certain plant part extracts against Meloidogyne javanica was determined under in vitro and in vivo experiments. Three different solvents were used in the preparation of the tested extracts including water, ethyl alcohol and acetone. The extracted plants included Eugenia jambolana (leaves), Punica granatum (Peels)and Camellia sinensis (Leaves). Results showed that ethyl alcohol peel extract of E. jambolana, and P. granatum completely inhibited the egg hatching of M. javanica while, ethyl alcohol leaf extract of C. sinensis inhibited the egg hatching by 60%. Nematode juveniles j2 mortality gradually increased as the exposure time increased from 24 to 48 hours. Under greenhouse conditions, organic solvent extracts of all the tested plants were more effective in suppressing the nematode reproduction compared to the aqueous extracts. The ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolana completely suppressed the gall formation by M. javanica on soybean roots as well as number of egg-masses/plant, and the number of J2s in soil. Ethyl alcohol peel extract of P. granatum showed the greatest nematicidal effects against M. javanica, while its aqueous extract was the least effective. The plants treated with the ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolana, showed the highest increase in the plant growth parameters viz., shoot weight, and length as well as root weight and length compared to the control treatment. Chemical analysis of leaf extract of E. jambolana by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that it contained thirty-three bioactive compounds, including, flavonoids, antioxidant, oxygenated hydrocarbons, unsaturated fatty acids, sterile, fatty acid ester, triterpene, and others. All plant extracts increased the activities of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, catalase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase enzymes as well as, the total phenol contents in soybean plants infected with M. javanica under greenhouse conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic E. jambolana peel extract completely inhibited M. javanica egg hatching.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- ethyl alcohol peel extract of E. jambolanae0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Outcome
- egg hatching of M. javanicae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethyl alcohol peel extract of E. jambolana, and P. granatum completely inhibited the egg hatching of M. javanica”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic P. granatum peel extract completely inhibited M. javanica egg hatching.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- P. granatume0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Outcome
- egg hatching of M. javanicae0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethyl alcohol peel extract of E. jambolana, and P. granatum completely inhibited the egg hatching of M. javanica”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic C. sinensis leaf extract inhibited M. javanica egg hatching by 60%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethyl alcohol leaf extract of C. sinensise0
- Outcome
- egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethyl alcohol leaf extract of C. sinensis inhibited the egg hatching by 60%”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode juvenile mortality increased as exposure grew from 24 to 48 hours.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- exposure timee0
- Outcome
- Nematode juveniles j2 mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- from 24 to 48 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nematode juveniles j2 mortality gradually increased as the exposure time increased from 24 to 48 hours”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic solvent extracts suppressed nematode reproduction more than aqueous extracts in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- organic solvent extractse0
- Outcome
- nematode reproductione0
- Direction
- more effective in suppressinge0
- Comparator
- aqueous extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic solvent extracts of all the tested plants were more effective in suppressing the nematode reproduction compared to the aqueous extracts”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic E. jambolana leaf extract completely suppressed galls on soybean roots, egg masses per plant and soil J2 numbers.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolanae0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Outcome
- gall formation by M. javanica on soybean roots as well as number of egg-masses/plant, and the number of J2s in soile0
- Direction
- completely suppressede0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolana completely suppressed the gall formation by M. javanica on soybean roots as well as number of egg-masses/plant, and the number of J2s in soil”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic P. granatum peel extract showed the greatest nematicidal effect.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ethyl alcohol peel extract of P. granatume0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0
- Outcome
- nematicidal effects against M. javanicae0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethyl alcohol peel extract of P. granatum showed the greatest nematicidal effects against M. javanica”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous P. granatum extract was least effective against M. javanica.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- least effectivee0
- Direction
- least effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while its aqueous extract was the least effective”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Alcoholic E. jambolana leaf extract produced the largest increases in soybean shoot and root weights and lengths versus control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolanae1
- Outcome
- shoot weight, and length as well as root weight and lengthe0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest increase in the plant growth parameters viz., shoot weight, and length as well as root weight and length compared to the control treatment”
e1“The ethyl alcohol leaf extract of E. jambolana completely suppressed the gall formation by M. javanica on soybean roots as well as number of egg-masses/plant, and the number of J2s in soil”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS detected thirty-three bioactive compounds in E. jambolana leaf extract.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- bioactive compoundse0
- Value
- thirty-threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf extract of E. jambolana by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that it contained thirty-three bioactive compounds”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All extracts increased peroxidase, catalase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in infected soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- All plant extractse0
- Outcome
- activities of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, catalase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All plant extracts increased the activities of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, catalase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase enzymes”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
All extracts increased total phenol content in infected soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- All plant extractse1
- Outcome
- total phenol contentse0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as well as, the total phenol contents in soybean plants infected with M. javanica under greenhouse conditions”
e1“All plant extracts increased the activities of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, catalase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase enzymes”
t0“Soybean”
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