Abstract
Background Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the major constraints to soybean production around the world. Plant-parasitic nematodes cause an estimated $78 billion in annual crop losses worldwide, with a 10–15% crop yield loss on average. Consequently, finding and applying sustainable methods to control diseases associated with soybean is currently in serious need. Methods In this study, we isolated, purified, characterized, and identified a novel cyanobacterial strain Oscillatoria sp. (blue-green alga). Based on its microscopic examination and 16S rRNA gene sequence, the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Oscillatoria were used to test their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita hatchability of eggs after 72 h of exposure time and juvenile mortality percentage in vitro after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure time and reduction percentage of galls, eggmass, female number/root, and juveniles/250 soil. Also, the efficacy of the extract on improving the plant growth parameter and chlorophyll content under greenhouse conditions on soybean plant cv. Giza 111 was tested. Finally, the expression of PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, and PR15 (encoding enzymes) genes contributing to plant defense in the case of M. incognita invasion was studied and treated with Oscillatoria extract. Results The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Oscillatoria sp. had nematicidal activity against M. incognita . The percentage of mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita were significantly increased with the increase of time exposure to Oscillatoria extract 96.7, 97, and 98 larvae mortality % with S concentration after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure time. The aqueous extract significantly increased the percentage of Root-Knot nematodes (RKN) of egg hatching, compared with Oxamyl and methanol extract at 96.7 and 97% after 72 h and 1 week, respectively. With the same concentration in the laboratory experiment. Furthermore, water extracts significantly reduced the number of galls in soybean root, egg masses, and female/root by 84.1, 87.5, and 92.2%, respectively, as well as the percentage of J2s/250 g soil by 93.7%. Root, shoot lengths, dry weight, number of pods/plant, and chlorophyll content of soybean treated with Oscillatoria water extract were significantly higher than the control increasing by 70.3, 94.1, 95.5, and 2.02%, respectively. The plant defense system's gene expression was tracked using four important pathogenesis-related genes, PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, and PR15, which encode enzymes involved in plant defense. Conclusions Oscillatoria extract is a potential nematicide against root-knot nematode invasion in soybean.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Oscillatoria aqueous extract had nematicidal activity against M. incognita.
- Taxon
- M. incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0 - Treatment
- aqueouse0
- Outcome
- nematicidal activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Oscillatoria sp. had nematicidal activity against M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Oscillatoria methanolic extract had nematicidal activity against M. incognita.
- Taxon
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0
- Treatment
- methanolic extracts of Oscillatoria sp.e0
- Outcome
- nematicidal activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Oscillatoria sp. had nematicidal activity against M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode larval mortality increased with exposure time.
- Taxon
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0
- Treatment
- Oscillatoria extracte0
- Outcome
- percentage of mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 96.7, 97, and 98 larvae mortality %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita were significantly increased with the increase of time exposure to Oscillatoria extract 96.7, 97, and 98 larvae mortality % with S concentration after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure time”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode egg hatching increased with exposure time.
- Taxon
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0
- Treatment
- Oscillatoria extracte0
- Outcome
- egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita were significantly increased with the increase of time exposure to Oscillatoria extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract reduced soybean root galls by 84.1%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- water extractse0
- Outcome
- number of galls in soybean roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water extracts significantly reduced the number of galls in soybean root, egg masses, and female/root by 84.1, 87.5, and 92.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract reduced nematode egg masses by 87.5%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water extracts significantly reduced the number of galls in soybean root, egg masses, and female/root by 84.1, 87.5, and 92.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract reduced female nematodes per root by 92.2%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- water extractse0
- Outcome
- female/roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 92.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water extracts significantly reduced the number of galls in soybean root, egg masses, and female/root by 84.1, 87.5, and 92.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract reduced J2 nematodes per 250 g soil by 93.7%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- water extracte1
- Outcome
- J2s/250 g soile0
- Value
- 93.7%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of J2s/250 g soil by 93.7%”
t0“Soybean”
e1“water extracts significantly reduced the number of galls in soybean root, egg masses, and female/root by 84.1, 87.5, and 92.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Oscillatoria water extract increased soybean root length relative to control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Oscillatoria water extracte0
- Outcome
- Root, shoot lengthse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root, shoot lengths, dry weight, number of pods/plant, and chlorophyll content of soybean treated with Oscillatoria water extract were significantly higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Oscillatoria water extract increased soybean dry weight and pods per plant relative to control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Oscillatoria water extracte0
- Outcome
- dry weight, number of pods/plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry weight, number of pods/plant, and chlorophyll content of soybean treated with Oscillatoria water extract were significantly higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Oscillatoria water extract increased soybean chlorophyll content relative to control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Oscillatoria water extracte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlorophyll content of soybean treated with Oscillatoria water extract were significantly higher than the control”
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