Abstract
Advances in micropropagation techniques have helped produce true-to-type clones of many horticulturally important plants. However, several cultivars of apple are difficult to root in vitro. In these cases, adventitious roots are induced together with undesirable formation of callus, which decrease the acclimatization rate of in vitro produced plantlets. In this study, two apple rootstocks, M9 and M26, were subjected to different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to induce root formation. Although addition of IBA to the medium induced root formation, rhizogenesis was accompanied by the undesirable formation of callus in both cultivars. On the other hand, in gene expression analysis, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthase genes AAO1 and YUC1 were expressed more highly in M9 than in M26. This suggests that endogenous auxin levels may be higher in M9, which may explain why M9 plantlets are difficult to root and experience high levels of callus formation during propagation. In addition, rooting medium containing 0.1 mg·L−1 IBA was supplemented with different concentrations of phloroglucinol (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM) to examine whether direct rooting efficiency in the M9 could be improved. Addition of 1.0 mM phloroglucinol increased rooting percentage and decreased callus formation in the M9 rootstock. The rootstock M9 is a desirable cultivar but presents a problem with true-to-type direct rooting. Addition of phloroglucinol may improve direct rooting and eliminate callus formation during propagation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
IBA induced roots in both apple rootstocks.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- M9 and M26t0
- Treatment
- addition of IBAe0
- Outcome
- root formatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although addition of IBA to the medium induced root formation, rhizogenesis was accompanied by the undesirable formation of callus in both cultivars.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
IBA induced undesirable callus in both apple rootstocks.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9 and M26t0
- Treatment
- addition of IBAe0
- Outcome
- formation of calluse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although addition of IBA to the medium induced root formation, rhizogenesis was accompanied by the undesirable formation of callus in both cultivars.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA synthase genes AAO1 and YUC1 were expressed more highly in M9 than M26.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9e0
- Gene
- AAO1 and YUC1e0
- Outcome
- expressede0
- Direction
- more highlye0
- Comparator
- M26e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthase genes AAO1 and YUC1 were expressed more highly in M9 than in M26”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest M9 may have higher endogenous auxin levels.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9e0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- endogenous auxin levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that endogenous auxin levels may be higher in M9, which may explain why M9 plantlets are difficult to root and experience high levels of callus formation during propagation.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest higher auxin may explain poor rooting and high callus in M9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9e0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- difficult to root and experience high levels of callus formatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that endogenous auxin levels may be higher in M9, which may explain why M9 plantlets are difficult to root and experience high levels of callus formation during propagation.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 1.0 mM phloroglucinol increased rooting percentage in M9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9e0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM phloroglucinole0
- Outcome
- rooting percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 1.0 mM phloroglucinol increased rooting percentage and decreased callus formation in the M9 rootstock.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 1.0 mM phloroglucinol decreased callus formation in M9.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- M9e0
- Treatment
- 1.0 mM phloroglucinole0
- Outcome
- callus formatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 1.0 mM phloroglucinol increased rooting percentage and decreased callus formation in the M9 rootstock.”
t0“Apple Rootstocks M9 and M26”
The same questions in other papers
phloroglucinol · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →indole-3-butyric acid · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.