Abstract
This study was carried out under constant conditions at 30±°C and 60± 5% RH on cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) treated with four volatile plant oils (clove, thyme, marjoram and rosemary), aloe aqueous extract and spinosad. The obtained data are summarized as follows: The highest fecundity (63.67 eggs) was recorded in cowpea seeds treated with thyme oil at 0.5% and the lowest one (2.67 eggs) at 2.0% on rosemary oil, compared with (135.67 eggs) in the control.The highest fertility (86.25%) was occurred at 1% of thyme oil, but the lowest one (zero%) was recorded in case of 2% marjoram oil as compared with control (68.38%). There were no larval penetrations (zero) into seeds with all volatile oils at different concentrations except (7.73%) at 0.5% of thyme oil as compared with 11.19% in control. Moreover, the highest fecundity (38.67 eggs) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to (11.33 eggs) at 2%, the highest percentage of larval penetration (6.22 %) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to 0.0% in the concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, compared with (11.19%) in control, when treated with aloe aqueous extract. The percentage of eggs reduction was increased by increasing the concentrations used. The highest percentage of reduction (94.25 %) was recorded at the concentration of 2%, while the lowest one (71.09%) was recorded at 0.5%. The highest percentage of weight loss (3.39%) was recorded at 0.5% of clove oil, and the lowest percent (1.15%) was found at 2% of aloe aqueous extract. The highest feeding deterrence index (FDI) was 36.83% as concerns aloe aqueous extract and the lowest one (19.65%) was recorded with clove oil.Adult mortality percentage increased by increasing the concentration of the volatile plant oils used. The highest percentage of mortality (72.22%) was recorded at 2% and 3% rosemary oil after 72 hr. from treatment and 3% of both clove and thyme oils, while the lowest percent (2.78%) was recorded at 0.5% after 24 hr., of clove oil. The highest percentage of mortality (52.78%) was recorded on cowpea seeds treated aloe aqueous extract at 3% after 72 hr., of treatment, while the lowest one (13.89%) was obtained at 0.5% after 48 hr. The highest mortality of spinosadwas 80.0% at 70 ppm after 72 hr., whereas the lowest percent (1.67%) was recorded at 40 and 50 ppm after 24 hr. post-treatment, compared with 33.33% at 1 ppm after 24 hr. exposure to malathion (1% powder) and the highest one of 100.00% which was recorded at 8 ppm after 72 hr., exposure period.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oil at 0.5% yielded 63.67 cowpea beetle eggs versus 135.67 in the control.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae0 - Treatment
- thyme oil at 0.5%e0
- Outcome
- fecunditye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 63.67 eggse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fecundity (63.67 eggs) was recorded in cowpea seeds treated with thyme oil at 0.5% and the lowest one (2.67 eggs) at 2.0% on rosemary oil, compared with (135.67 eggs) in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil at 2.0% yielded the lowest beetle fecundity, 2.67 eggs.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 2.0% on rosemary oile0
- Outcome
- lowest onee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 2.67 eggse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest one (2.67 eggs) at 2.0% on rosemary oil, compared with (135.67 eggs) in the control”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Thyme oil at 1% produced the highest beetle fertility, 86.25%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 1% of thyme oile0
- Outcome
- fertilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 86.25%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fertility (86.25%) was occurred at 1% of thyme oil, but the lowest one (zero%) was recorded in case of 2% marjoram oil as compared with control (68.38%)”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Marjoram oil at 2% produced zero beetle fertility.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 2% marjoram oile0
- Outcome
- lowest onee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- zero%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest one (zero%) was recorded in case of 2% marjoram oil as compared with control (68.38%)”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile oils prevented larval seed penetration except thyme oil at 0.5%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- all volatile oils at different concentrationse0
- Outcome
- larval penetrationse0
- Direction
- noe0
- Value
- zeroe0
- Qualifier
- except (7.73%) at 0.5% of thyme oile0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no larval penetrations (zero) into seeds with all volatile oils at different concentrations except (7.73%) at 0.5% of thyme oil as compared with 11.19% in control”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract reduced beetle fecundity from 38.67 to 11.33 eggs as concentration rose from 0.5% to 2%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- aloe aqueous extracte1
- Outcome
- fecunditye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.33 eggse0
- Comparator
- 0.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest fecundity (38.67 eggs) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to (11.33 eggs) at 2%”
t0“COWPEA”
e1“when treated with aloe aqueous extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract reduced larval penetration from 6.22% at 0.5% to zero at 1.5% and 2%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- aloe aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- percentage of larval penetratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 0.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest percentage of larval penetration (6.22 %) was recorded at 0.5% and decreased to 0.0% in the concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, compared with (11.19%) in control, when treated with aloe aqueous extract”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg reduction increased with concentration, from 71.09% at 0.5% to 94.25% at 2%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- concentrations usede0
- Outcome
- percentage of eggs reductione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 94.25 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The percentage of eggs reduction was increased by increasing the concentrations used. The highest percentage of reduction (94.25 %) was recorded at the concentration of 2%, while the lowest one (71.09%) was recorded at 0.5%”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil at 0.5% gave the highest seed weight loss, 3.39%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 0.5% of clove oile0
- Outcome
- percentage of weight losse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest percentage of weight loss (3.39%) was recorded at 0.5% of clove oil, and the lowest percent (1.15%) was found at 2% of aloe aqueous extract”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract at 2% gave the lowest seed weight loss, 1.15%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 2% of aloe aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- lowest percente0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1.15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest percent (1.15%) was found at 2% of aloe aqueous extract”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract had the highest feeding deterrence index, 36.83%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- aloe aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- feeding deterrence index (FDI)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 36.83%e0
- Comparator
- clove oile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest feeding deterrence index (FDI) was 36.83% as concerns aloe aqueous extract and the lowest one (19.65%) was recorded with clove oil”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil had the lowest feeding deterrence index, 19.65%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest one (19.65%) was recorded with clove oil”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle adult mortality increased with volatile oil concentration.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- volatile plant oilse0
- Outcome
- Adult mortality percentagee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adult mortality percentage increased by increasing the concentration of the volatile plant oils used”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil at 2% and 3% gave 72.22% beetle adult mortality after 72 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 2% and 3% rosemary oile0
- Outcome
- percentage of mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 72.22%e0
- Qualifier
- after 72 hr.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest percentage of mortality (72.22%) was recorded at 2% and 3% rosemary oil after 72 hr.”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove and thyme oils at 3% also gave the highest adult mortality.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- 3% of both clove and thyme oilse0
- Outcome
- mortalitye1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“3% of both clove and thyme oils, while the lowest percent (2.78%) was recorded at 0.5% after 24 hr., of clove oil”
t0“COWPEA”
e1“The highest percentage of mortality (72.22%) was recorded at 2% and 3% rosemary oil after 72 hr. from treatment and 3% of both clove and thyme oils”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove oil at 0.5% gave 2.78% adult mortality after 24 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- clove oile0
- Outcome
- lowest percente0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 2.78%e0
- Qualifier
- after 24 hr.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest percent (2.78%) was recorded at 0.5% after 24 hr., of clove oil”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract at 3% gave 52.78% beetle mortality after 72 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- aloe aqueous extract at 3%e0
- Outcome
- percentage of mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.78%e0
- Qualifier
- after 72 hr.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest percentage of mortality (52.78%) was recorded on cowpea seeds treated aloe aqueous extract at 3% after 72 hr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aloe extract at 0.5% gave 13.89% beetle mortality after 48 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- aloe aqueous extracte1
- Outcome
- lowest onee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 13.89%e0
- Qualifier
- after 48 hr.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest one (13.89%) was obtained at 0.5% after 48 hr.”
t0“COWPEA”
e1“when treated with aloe aqueous extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad at 70 ppm caused 80.0% beetle mortality after 72 hours, while 40 and 50 ppm caused 1.67% after 24 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- spinosade0
- Outcome
- mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 80.0%e0
- Comparator
- 40 and 50 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest mortality of spinosadwas 80.0% at 70 ppm after 72 hr., whereas the lowest percent (1.67%) was recorded at 40 and 50 ppm after 24 hr. post-treatment”
t0“COWPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion mortality ranged from 33.33% at 1 ppm after 24 hours to 100.00% at 8 ppm after 72 hours.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- malathion (1% powder)e0
- Outcome
- highest onee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 100.00%e0
- Comparator
- 1 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with 33.33% at 1 ppm after 24 hr. exposure to malathion (1% powder) and the highest one of 100.00% which was recorded at 8 ppm after 72 hr., exposure period”
t0“COWPEA”
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