Abstract
Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments induced significant reduction in the percentages of pre- and postemergence damping-off compared to untreated (check) treatment. The highest survived plants was achieved 84% by the inducers Bion (3 mM) and salicylic acid (5 mM) 82% as compared to 90% by the fungicide Rizolex-T (3g/kg seeds) treatment which achieved. Significant increases in plant height and shoot dry weight of soybean plants were recorded with Bion and fungicide treatments followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments compared with the check treatment. Under field conditions during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, all treatments significantly reduced pre- and post-emergence damping-off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with the check treatment at the two growing seasons. However, the highest survived plants (%) of the two seasons wererecorded in case of Rizolex-T (84.6%) and Bion (83.5%) followed by salicylic acid (77%) and P. polymyxa (76.2%) treatments compared with the check treatment (62.9%). Meantime, Bion, salicylic acid and P. polymyxa inducers significantly improved growth parameters, i.e. stem length, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant and seeds weight/plant, compared to the check treatment throughout the two seasons. Also higher increase in seed yield (kg/feddan) was recorded throughout the two seasons by Bion and fungicide treatments (88.9% and 81.4 %, respectively), followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa (69.7% and 58.4%, respectively), compared to the check treatment. Concerning the plant enzyme activity, PO activity increased in Bion treatment by 64.1% followed by salicylic acid by 31.6%. Also, Bion treatment showed the highest increase (118%) in PPO activity over the check treatment. On the other hand, the content of total phenols increased in plants treated with different inducers, compared with untreated plants. The maximum increase (141.2%) in the content of phenolic compounds was recorded with Bion treatment over check treatment, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments (being 50% and 49.6%, respectively).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse tests all inducer treatments significantly reduced pre- and postemergence damping-off compared with the untreated check.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- all treatmentse1
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- pre- and postemergence damping-offe1
- Direction
- reductione1
- Comparator
- untreated (check) treatmente1
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments induced significant reduction in the percentages of pre- and postemergence damping-off compared to untreated (check) treatment”
e3“Under field conditions during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, all treatments significantly reduced pre- and post-emergence damping-off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with the check treatment at the two growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
In field tests in 2013 and 2014 all inducer treatments increased the percentage of survived plants compared with the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse3
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of survived plantse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- check treatmente3
- Setting
- field conditions during 2013 and 2014 growing seasonse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e3“Under field conditions during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, all treatments significantly reduced pre- and post-emergence damping-off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with the check treatment at the two growing seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion and fungicide treatments, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa, increased plant height and shoot dry weight of soybean; Bion, salicylic acid and P. polymyxa improved growth parameters (stem length, branches, pods and seed weight) over the check.
- Taxon
- soybean plantsGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- Bion and fungicide treatments followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatmentse4
- Outcome
- plant height and shoot dry weighte4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Qualifier
- growth parameters, i.e. stem length, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant and seeds weight/plante5
- Comparator
- check treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Significant increases in plant height and shoot dry weight of soybean plants were recorded with Bion and fungicide treatments followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments compared with the check treatment”
e5“Meantime, Bion, salicylic acid and P. polymyxa inducers significantly improved growth parameters, i.e. stem length, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant and seeds weight/plant, compared to the check treatment throughout the two seasons”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse tests Bion (3 mM) achieved 84% survived plants, the highest value, against 90% for the fungicide Rizolex-T.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bion (3 mM)e2
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plantse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 84%e2
- Qualifier
- as compared to 90% by the fungicide Rizolex-Te2
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T (3g/kg seeds)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e2“The highest survived plants was achieved 84% by the inducers Bion (3 mM) and salicylic acid (5 mM) 82% as compared to 90% by the fungicide Rizolex-T (3g/kg seeds) treatment which achieved”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse tests salicylic acid (5 mM) achieved 82% survived plants, the highest value group, against 90% for the fungicide Rizolex-T.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (5 mM)e2
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plantse2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 82%e2
- Qualifier
- as compared to 90% by the fungicide Rizolex-Te2
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T (3g/kg seeds)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e2“The highest survived plants was achieved 84% by the inducers Bion (3 mM) and salicylic acid (5 mM) 82% as compared to 90% by the fungicide Rizolex-T (3g/kg seeds) treatment which achieved”
Claim · model-written summary
In field tests Rizolex-T achieved the highest survived plants, 84.6%, against 62.9% for the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Rizolex-Te6
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plants (%)e6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 84.6%e6
- Qualifier
- check treatment (62.9%)e6
- Comparator
- check treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e6“However, the highest survived plants (%) of the two seasons wererecorded in case of Rizolex-T (84.6%) and Bion (83.5%) followed by salicylic acid (77%) and P. polymyxa (76.2%) treatments compared with the check treatment (62.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In field tests Bion achieved 83.5% survived plants, the highest value group, against 62.9% for the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bione6
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plants (%)e6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 83.5%e6
- Qualifier
- check treatment (62.9%)e6
- Comparator
- check treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e6“However, the highest survived plants (%) of the two seasons wererecorded in case of Rizolex-T (84.6%) and Bion (83.5%) followed by salicylic acid (77%) and P. polymyxa (76.2%) treatments compared with the check treatment (62.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In field tests salicylic acid achieved 77% survived plants, higher than the check (62.9%).
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide6
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plants (%)e6
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
- Value
- 77%e6
- Qualifier
- check treatment (62.9%)e6
- Comparator
- check treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e6“However, the highest survived plants (%) of the two seasons wererecorded in case of Rizolex-T (84.6%) and Bion (83.5%) followed by salicylic acid (77%) and P. polymyxa (76.2%) treatments compared with the check treatment (62.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In field tests P. polymyxa achieved 76.2% survived plants, higher than the check (62.9%).
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P. polymyxae6
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- survived plants (%)e6
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
- Value
- 76.2%e6
- Qualifier
- check treatment (62.9%)e6
- Comparator
- check treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e6“However, the highest survived plants (%) of the two seasons wererecorded in case of Rizolex-T (84.6%) and Bion (83.5%) followed by salicylic acid (77%) and P. polymyxa (76.2%) treatments compared with the check treatment (62.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion increased seed yield by 88.9% over the check in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bione7
- Outcome
- seed yield (kg/feddan)e7
- Direction
- higher increasee7
- Value
- 88.9%e7
- Comparator
- check treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e7“Also higher increase in seed yield (kg/feddan) was recorded throughout the two seasons by Bion and fungicide treatments (88.9% and 81.4 %, respectively), followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa (69.7% and 58.4%, respectively), compared to the check treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungicide Rizolex-T treatment increased seed yield by 81.4% over the check in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- fungicide treatmentse7
- Outcome
- seed yield (kg/feddan)e7
- Direction
- higher increasee7
- Value
- 81.4 %e7
- Comparator
- check treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e7“Also higher increase in seed yield (kg/feddan) was recorded throughout the two seasons by Bion and fungicide treatments (88.9% and 81.4 %, respectively), followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa (69.7% and 58.4%, respectively), compared to the check treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased seed yield by 69.7% over the check in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide7
- Outcome
- seed yield (kg/feddan)e7
- Direction
- higherinferrede7
- Value
- 69.7%e7
- Comparator
- check treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e7“Also higher increase in seed yield (kg/feddan) was recorded throughout the two seasons by Bion and fungicide treatments (88.9% and 81.4 %, respectively), followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa (69.7% and 58.4%, respectively), compared to the check treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
P. polymyxa increased seed yield by 58.4% over the check in the two seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P. polymyxae7
- Outcome
- seed yield (kg/feddan)e7
- Direction
- higherinferrede7
- Value
- 58.4%e7
- Comparator
- check treatmente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e7“Also higher increase in seed yield (kg/feddan) was recorded throughout the two seasons by Bion and fungicide treatments (88.9% and 81.4 %, respectively), followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa (69.7% and 58.4%, respectively), compared to the check treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion increased PO enzyme activity by 64.1%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bion treatmente1
- Gene
- POe1
- Outcome
- PO activitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 64.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“Concerning the plant enzyme activity, PO activity increased in Bion treatment by 64.1% followed by salicylic acid by 31.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased PO enzyme activity by 31.6%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide1
- Gene
- POe1
- Outcome
- PO activitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 31.6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“Concerning the plant enzyme activity, PO activity increased in Bion treatment by 64.1% followed by salicylic acid by 31.6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion showed the highest increase in PPO enzyme activity, 118%, over the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bion treatmente1
- Gene
- PPOe1
- Outcome
- PPO activitye1
- Direction
- highest increasee1
- Value
- 118%e1
- Comparator
- check treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“Also, Bion treatment showed the highest increase (118%) in PPO activity over the check treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion gave the maximum increase in phenolic compound content, 141.2%, over the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bion treatmente1
- Outcome
- content of phenolic compoundse1
- Direction
- maximum increasee1
- Value
- 141.2%e1
- Comparator
- check treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“The maximum increase (141.2%) in the content of phenolic compounds was recorded with Bion treatment over check treatment, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments (being 50% and 49.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid increased phenolic compound content by 50% over the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide1
- Outcome
- content of phenolic compoundse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 50%e1
- Comparator
- check treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“The maximum increase (141.2%) in the content of phenolic compounds was recorded with Bion treatment over check treatment, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments (being 50% and 49.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
P. polymyxa increased phenolic compound content by 49.6% over the check.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P. polymyxa treatmentse1
- Outcome
- content of phenolic compoundse1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 49.6%e1
- Comparator
- check treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“The maximum increase (141.2%) in the content of phenolic compounds was recorded with Bion treatment over check treatment, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments (being 50% and 49.6%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inducers increased total phenol content in soybean plants compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- different inducerse1
- Outcome
- content of total phenolse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- untreated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean seeds (cv. Giza 22) were treated with Bion, salicylic acid and saccharin as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biotic inducer to study their effect on the infection by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse and field conditions”
e1“On the other hand, the content of total phenols increased in plants treated with different inducers, compared with untreated plants”
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