Abstract
Abstract Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under irrigation requires the use of herbicides and seed‐applied fungicides to control weeds and root diseases. Soils in southern Alberta contain no indigenous Rhizobium japonicum and thus inoculation is essential to the establishment of a successful N 2 ‐fixing symbiosis in soybeans. Unfortunately, these chemicals may be incompatible with survival of the inoculated rhizobia. Accordingly, an evaluation was made of the effects of three seed‐applied fungicides, captan {N‐[{(trichloromethyl) thio]‐4‐cyclohexene‐l,2‐dicarboximidef}, thiram [bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)disulfide], and carbathiin (5,6,‐dihydro‐ 2‐methyl‐l,4‐oxathiin‐3‐carboxanilide); four herbicides applied as preplant incorporated, chloramben (3‐amino‐2,5‐dichlorobenzoic acid), linuron [3‐(3,4‐dichIorophenyl)‐l‐methoxy‐l‐methylurea], metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐ tert ‐butyl‐3‐{methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐5(4H)‐on], and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐ p ‐toluidine); and one post‐emergence herbicide, diclofop {2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoic acid}, on shoot N, seed yield, nodulation, acetylene‐reducing activity (ARA), and 15 N‐determined N 2 fixation of soybean line ‘King Grain X005’ inoculated with granular rhizobial inoculant. The soil was an irrigated Chin loam (Typic Haploboroll). None of the fungicides or herbicides affected seed yield. Thiram and captan applied at 1.0 g kg −1 seed reduced shoot N yield at anthesis but a lower rate of thiram (0.54 g kg −1 seed) increased N yield. None of the fungicides affected ARA. Metribuzin applied at recommended rates caused erratic germination. Linuron significantly reduced ARA whereas trifluralin stimulated it in 1 year but had no effect in the other year. This alteration in ARA was not reflected in N or seed yield. 15 N isotope dilution at levels of 15 N natural abundance showed the plant received approximately 50% of its N from N 2 fixation at anthesis, and in agreement with ARA, showed no effect of chemical when proper rates were applied. We conclude that these herbicides and seed‐applied fungicides have no effect on nodulation and N] fixation under these experimental conditions when granular inoculant is applied.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Tested fungicides and herbicides did not affect soybean seed yield.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- fungicides or herbicidese0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the fungicides or herbicides affected seed yield”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiram at 1.0 g kg −1 seed reduced shoot N yield at anthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Treatment
- Thirame0
- Outcome
- shoot N yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.0 g kg −1 seede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thiram and captan applied at 1.0 g kg −1 seed reduced shoot N yield at anthesis”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan at 1.0 g kg −1 seed reduced shoot N yield at anthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Treatment
- captane0
- Outcome
- shoot N yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.0 g kg −1 seede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thiram and captan applied at 1.0 g kg −1 seed reduced shoot N yield at anthesis”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower-rate thiram increased N yield.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- thiram (0.54 g kg −1 seed)e0
- Outcome
- N yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower rate of thiram (0.54 g kg −1 seed) increased N yield”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides did not affect acetylene-reducing activity.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- ARAe0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the fungicides affected ARA”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended-rate metribuzin caused erratic soybean germination.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Metribuzin applied at recommended ratese0
- Outcome
- erratic germinatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metribuzin applied at recommended rates caused erratic germination”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Linuron significantly reduced acetylene-reducing activity.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Linurone0
- Outcome
- ARAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linuron significantly reduced ARA”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin stimulated acetylene-reducing activity in one year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trifluralin stimulated it in 1 year but had no effect in the other year”
e1“Linuron significantly reduced ARA”
e2“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin had no acetylene-reducing activity effect in the other year.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- ARAe1
- Direction
- had no effecte0
- Qualifier
- the other yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“trifluralin stimulated it in 1 year but had no effect in the other year”
e1“Linuron significantly reduced ARA”
e2“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants obtained approximately 50% of nitrogen from fixation at anthesis.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- N from N 2 fixatione0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plant received approximately 50% of its N from N 2 fixation at anthesis”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Properly applied chemicals did not alter nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- chemicale0
- Outcome
- N 2 fixatione1
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed no effect of chemical when proper rates were applied”
e1“N from N 2 fixation at anthesis”
e2“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides and seed-applied fungicides did not affect nodulation under the tested conditions with granular inoculant.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- herbicides and seed‐applied fungicidese0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- when granular inoculant is appliede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these herbicides and seed‐applied fungicides have no effect on nodulation and N] fixation under these experimental conditions when granular inoculant is applied”
e1“Growing soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]”
The same questions in other papers
captan · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
trifluralin · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →metribuzin · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 8 papers →thiram · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
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See all 11 papers →linuron · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
fungicide · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 13 papers →herbicide · symbiosis · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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- positive
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See all 24 papers →fungicide · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 77 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
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105 papers more in this group
See all 109 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.